The Prince as Foundation of Modern Day Politics :: Machiavelli Prince Essays

The Prince as Foundation of Modern Day Politics   In The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli presents a view of governance a state that is drastically different from that of humanists of his time. Machiavelli believes the ruling Prince should be the sole authority determining every aspect of the state and put in number a policy to serve his best interests. These interests were gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political power. His understanding of human nature was a complete contradiction of what humanists believed and taught. Machiavelli strongly promoted a secular caller and felt morality was not necessary but in fact stood in the way of an effectively governed principality. Though in some cases Machiavellis suggestions seem sharp and immoral one must remember that these views were derived out of concern Italys unstable political condition. Though humanists of Machiavellis time believed that an individual had much to offer to the well macrocosm of the state, Machiavelli w as quick to mock human nature. Humanists believed that An individual only grows to maturity- both intellectually and morally- through participation in the life of the state. Machiavelli generally distrusted citizens, stating that ...in time of adversity, when the state is in convey of its citizens there are few to be found. Machiavelli further goes on to question the loyalty of the citizens and advises the Prince that ...because men a wretched creatures who would not keep their word to you, you command keep your word to them. Machiavelli did not feel that a Prince should mistreat the citizens. This suggestion, once again, serves the Princes best interests. If a prince cannot be both feared and loved, Machiavelli suggests, it would be better for him to be feared misdirect the citizens within his own principality. He makes the generalization that men are, ...ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit while you treat them well they are your s. He characterizes men as being self centered and not willing to act in the best interest of the state,and when the prince is in danger they turn against him.  Machiavelli reinforces the princes require to be feared by stating Men worry less about doing an injury to one who makes himself loved than to one who makes himself feared. The bond of love is one which men, wretched creatures they are, encounter when it is to their advantage to do so but fear is strengthened by a dread of punishment which is always effective.

Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay -- Lord of the Flies Good V

Lord of the Flies by William GoldingLord of the flies was written by William Golding in 1954. It is anenthralling, intensity that explores the concept of the behaviour of manwhen he is exempt from society. Golding achieves this by stranding agroup of British schoolboys on a secluded island, in the thick of a state of war. Throughout this period the boys evolve from being civilised andlet savagery take over.This book is well written and effectively presents the theme of the storey the evil that man is capable of. Once read, this book will stayin your memory for its provocative idea that humans are a blemish race.The story takes place on a remote, tropical island. As the island issecluded, there is no contact from the out-of-door world. This issignificant because this means that the rules that applied in theoutside world dont apply here. The boys are now free from society,which holds together peoples judgement of what is right and what iswrong. The absence of such an important fact or to the peace of man,permits anarchy to break out.The island is a microsm of the real world. This means that the samefundamental activities that take place in the real world as well as takeplace on the island, just on a smaller scale. For example the outsideworld is fighting an intense war a war is also taking place on theisland, the battle of refinement and savagery.The lord of the flies presents many themes and ideas. The major onesbeing good versus evil or civilisation versus barbarism and the evilman is capable of. Golding portrays that there are two major impulsesin man. Order and civilisation or anarchy and savagery. He alsoimplies that anarchy is the more dominant impulse. He depicts thebattle of good ve... ...brutality and evil of man. They train just killed piggy and havecompared his body to one of a fallen pigs, they dont even view him as ahuman, let alone value the life of a human.The contrast presented in the quote, Which is better to have rulesand agree, or to hunt and kill? paints a picture of the central themeof the story. Civilisation or Savagery.The boys finally get rescued at the end of the book by a navy officer.Linked to the outside world it is ironic because this officer, dressedin white is depicted as an angel, their salvation. However this verysoldier is a symbol of the evil man is capable of, by fighting in thewar.This book has demonstrated that humans are flawed. We are capable of dandy evil. This is still relevant in todays society because, putunder the right situations, you too could carry out unspeakableatrocities.

Tea Party Movement Essay -- What is the Tea Party Movement

Due to the weak state our of economy over the past some(prenominal) years, many organizations and campaigns have surfaced in order to attempt to make a change to better our country. One of those organizations is the Tea political party and their ordure. The Tea Party movement is an effective political force in our society because it is respectable, organized, and focused on common issues.According to the official website for the Tea Party movement, it was formed randomly in 2009 from the reaction of the American people fiscally irresponsible actions of the federal government, misguided stimulus spending, bailouts, and takeovers of private industry. In an article for PBS from 2010, Dante Chinni writes that there were about 67,000 members of the movement at that time. Since the article is roughly two years old, it can be estimated that the total number of members has grown significantly, especially with the recent downfall of the economy and some other political force s. Chinni goes on to state that much of the movements commonwealth is concentrated either in boom towns, which are towns that went through rapid population growth during the housing crash of the early 2000s, rural and agricultural counties, or counties located near armed forces bases.As far as member backgrounds, to the highest degree Tea Party movement members tend to fall into the same category. In a New York Times article by Kate Zernike and Megan Thee-Brenan, they write that those who identify themselves as apart of the Tea Party are wealthier and more well-educated than the general public. Zernike and Thee-Brenan also state that according to a poll conducted by the Times and CBS News, approximately supporters of the movement are white males who are married and over the age of forty-fi... ...bers of Congress a Well-heeled Lot. Los Angeles Times, 05 Jan 2012. Web. 20 Mar 2015. http//articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/05/news/la-pn-tea-party-members-of-congress-a-wellheeled-lot- 20120105.Walsh, Kenneth. Tea Party Presidential Candidates Flash and Fade. U.S. News and World Report, 28 Sep 2011. Web. 20 Mar 2015. http//www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2011/09/28/tea-party-presidential-candidates-flash-and-fade.Wing, Nick. Rudy Giuliani Tea Party Respectable, But Some Members, A bitty Crazy. Huffington Post, 25 Jan 2011. Web. 20 Mar 2015. http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/25/rudy-giuliani-tea-party-crazy_n_813571.html.Zernike, Kate, and Megan Thee-Brenan. Poll Finds Tea Party Backers Wealthier and More Educated. The New York Times, 14 Apr 2010. Web. 20 Mar 2015. http//www.nytimes.com/2010/04/15/us/politics/15poll.html.

Little Prince :: essays research papers

A Fable For Adults-- The Little Prince by Saint-ExuperyI guess that among pack who have read the book The Little Prince which has an amazing amount of readers around the globe merely second to the Bible, there should be many more grown-ups than children, though the classic tale can be read on many levels and enjoyed by readers of any age. Undoubtedly, it is full of vivid imagery and beautiful illustrations that make it sweet-smelling enough for children. However, because of the symbols, metaphors, hidden sentimental atmosphere, especially the tragic ending -- children are used to such sentences as the princess lived happily together with the prince for ever and ever -- and the moral it conveys, teens will not have proper understanding and appreciation of this story. Id rather believe that Saint-Exupery had written The Little Prince which is simple yet with child(p) for the adults who still save childs hearts.The little prince came from a tiny unknown planet. He had left his beau tiful rose, traveled to lots of places, and met all kinds of tight things as well as a wise fox and a pilot the narrator. He was looking for something though he was not aware of it. aft(prenominal) all, the little prince learnt life lessons and we adult readers learn more from him.Adults in the Princes EyesLeaving his own planet, one after another, the little prince met a king, a conceited man, a tippler, a businessman and finally he arrived on the earth. All the person he met is either stupid or selfish -- from childrens point of view, adults are always hard to understand and they are doing inexplicable things. But it is true Arent we always pursuing empty things such as fame and fortune just as the king who ruled no subjects and the man who was extremely conceited? Arent we always trapped in a forget me drug set by ourselves just as the tippler and businessman -- drinking for forgetting drinking, selling stars for making more money to buy stars? Arent we always keep working but forget the aim of working just as the geographer?As we are growing up, something much more valuable than money or social status deserts us little by little without our notice. Maybe we will begin to appreciate the simple things in life again and discover the real difference between children and adults after reading this beautiful tale.The Rose and the Fox

Amimal Farm :: essays research papers

ANIMAL FARMPolitical satire is not an uncommon literary genre. George Orwell is known for having written two of the to the highest degree famous political satires in English literature. In Animal Farm, Orwell satirizes the show trials, the propaganda, and the cult of personality of Stalinist Russia.First, there are the show trials. For example, the book states, In the side by side(p) days, the dogs become his (Napoleons) bodyguard and killing machine. Napoleon orders the dogs to kill the farm animals because they dont believe that Snowball is the cause of all bad. Once again, champion of the seven commandments, no animal shall kill an early(a), is changed to fit Napoleons way of doing things. Squealer, with his quick and smooth talk is always right there to condone for Napoleons actions. In addition, when the hens fail to meet the egg productions, the pigs become violent and slaughter them. The slaughter of animals continues when a sheep dies after it confesses to having urinate d in the drinking pool. As more animals come and confess their wrong doings, the pigs kill them, so it becomes necessary to alter the sixth commandment in order to show that they are stuffy followers of the set commandments. The new commandment now says, No animal shall kill any other animal without cause. Second, there is the propaganda. For instance, Squealer uses propaganda more accordingly any other animal on the farm, and he prospers from it. He becomes Napoleons second hand man by making everyone believe they recover wrongly about the commandments by asking, Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written conquer anywhere? and makes sure everyone always believes Napoleon is a good leader. Furthermore, when Boxer is taken away in the knacker truck, Squealer tells all the animals that the truck has been bought by the hospital, nevertheless they havent painted the old name out. Squealer also b rainwashes many of the animals into believing that they do not like apples and milk, which they were given to eat, while he, Napoleon, and other pigs are stealing food for themselves. Many things happen to Napoleon and the pigs because of propaganda. Finally, there is the cult of personality. For example, Minimus expresses his feelings for Napoleon by writing a poem which, runs as the followingFriend of fatherlessFountain of happinessLord of the swill-bucket Oh, how my soul is on

Amimal Farm :: essays research papers

ANIMAL FARMPolitical satire is not an uncommon literary genre. George Orwell is known for having create verb altogethery two of the most famous political satires in English literature. In Animal Farm, Orwell satirizes the line of battle trials, the propaganda, and the cult of personality of Stalinist Russia.First, there are the commemorate trials. For example, the book states, In the following days, the dogs become his (Napoleons) bodyguard and killing machine. Napoleon orders the dogs to kill the farm animals because they dont believe that Snowball is the cause of all bad. Once again, one of the seven commandments, no animal shall kill another, is changed to fit Napoleons way of doing things. rat, with his quick and smooth talk is always unspoiled there to explain for Napoleons actions. In addition, when the hens fail to meet the egg productions, the pigs become violent and slaughter them. The slaughter of animals continues when a sheep dies after it confesses to having urinat ed in the drinking pool. As more animals come and confess their wrong doings, the pigs kill them, so it becomes necessary to alter the sixth commandment in order to show that they are faithful followers of the set commandments. The new commandment now says, No animal shall kill any other animal without cause. Second, there is the propaganda. For instance, Squealer uses propaganda more then any other animal on the farm, and he prospers from it. He becomes Napoleons second hand man by do everyone believe they remember wrongly about the commandments by asking, Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a outcome? Is it written down anywhere? and makes sure everyone always believes Napoleon is a good leader. Furthermore, when Boxer is taken away in the knacker transport, Squealer tells all the animals that the truck has been bought by the hospital, but they havent painted the old name out. Squealer also brainwashes many of the animals into believing that they do not like apples and milk, which they were addicted to eat, while he, Napoleon, and other pigs are stealing food for themselves. Many things happen to Napoleon and the pigs because of propaganda. Finally, there is the cult of personality. For example, Minimus expresses his feelings for Napoleon by writing a poem which, runs as the followingFriend of fatherlessFountain of happinessLord of the swill-bucket Oh, how my soul is on

The Factors Affecting The Working Capital Requirements Accounting Essay

Why does reckoning so of import for an arranging. It is a planning and commanding agencies for an administration. This tool works victoryfully nevertheless when it is implemented with due fix. The budget is non merely a cost supervising method but besides an built-in portion in footings of planning and look parts of an administration. It ever aims to accomplish organisational final stages and besides motivates the human resources concerned. The manner of assemblage required information and so choosing an abstract budgetary system is indispensable for the success of budgetary system.The effectual budgetary polish up is one that a give in of affairs where the single aims & A ends match the organisational aims & A ends. It is called end congruity. To guarantee end congruity it is a requirement to guarantee monolithic engagement of supervisory degree in the direction procedure.There argon different types of budgets to get by with different patterns. An organisation may util ize a conventional budgetary system and may sometime look at to exchange over to another budgetary system to run into its demands. It is non a simple undertaking to ask for bowdlerizeation in a budget system. An organisation has to confront certain complexnesss in the var. of hindrances to alter by the employee of the organisation, alterations necessary in the current support system due to alter in its budgetary system.The degree of truth in gauging the grosss & A costs in the budget period is vastly of import for a successful budget. There are a figure of statistical techniques which may be desirable in calculating the hereafter figures to be accommodated in budgets.The rule of budgeting is to commit direction an thought of how a company is run intoing their ends, whether or non the disbursals are in line with budgeted degrees, and how good controls are operative. Appropriately used, budgeting can and should append incomes, cut down unneeded outgo, and obviously defines how instant stairss can be interpreted to do bigger markets ( Thomsett, 1988, p. 5 ) . In order to achieve this, direction demands to build a budgeting system, the major aims of which are to ( Viscione, 1984, p. 42 ) Set acceptable label for grosss and disbursals.Increase the chance that marks will be reached.Provide clip and chance to explicate and measure options should obstacles arise.As budgeting procedure is really intricate, it comes as no amazement that budgets are seeking to carry through several maps much(prenominal) as ( Harper, 1995, p. 321, and Churchill, 1984, p. 162 ) Planning, Controlling, Co-ordinating, Instructing, Authorizing, Motivating, Performance measurement, Decision Making, Delegating, Educating, Better Management of Subordinates etc.In the skyline of this study I would wish to discourse two different attacks of budgeting i.e. ( I ) Traditional Budgeting & A ( two ) Rolling Budgets & A prognosissTraditional BudgetingIn the traditional attack to budgeting an d budgeting controls the system of developing a program against the factors which may act upon the budget of the following twelvemonth. There are so many organisations that use traditional budgeting, which give them an thought to calculate for the coming twelvemonth and do non necessitate altering durinthe budget cyclele. Companies treat traditional budgeting suited with simpler coordination of budget premises for different divisions. however with the transition of clip and alterations go oning in the concern, companies raise complain that the traditional budgeting is non accommodating with their demands. The major unfavorable judgment on traditional budgeting is due to mismatched step they are either really simple or really complexNot flexible with altering concern state of affairssThe budget is incorrectly timed either excessively short or excessively longIt is considered really politicalRolling Budgets and prognosissA rolling/continuous budget is such a program that is continual ly updated & A the clip frame remains changeless while the veridical period covered by the budget adjusted. Practically, as each month base on ballss, the one twelvemonth uninterrupted budget is expanded by one month, so there is ever a annual budget in topographic point. In the peal budget, directors bear to re-think the procedure and do alterations each month. The result of this is normally a much right, with-it budget suiting the most recent information ( Horngren, Foster, Datar, 2000, p. 182 ) .This approach-Encourages directors to believe & amp re-think sing planning as an on-going procedure, it is non a inactive event.An chance to give more existent clip response to speedily altering concern state of affairs.In theory, the annually planning procedure is eradicated the projection for following twelvemonth is the eldest peal anticipation.Planing is non stated by the calendar, but can be generated by important events and alterations.As rolled budgets are equipped with t he close experience by taking into consideration the current period, they are rationalized with the recent alterations. Rolling budgets are continually updated with the current events, this facilitates in minimising the running discrepancies. Rolling budgets are the most appropriate signifier of budget for organisations which are functional in a tentative ambiance, where future events can non be predicted faithfully.Based on the treatment stated in a high place it would be casual to urge the most suited budgetary attack under the undermentioned two scenarios.Scenario-1 One of the concerns operates in a really permanent and inactive market topographic point, where there is small alteration in either merchandises or demand twelvemonth on twelvemonth.In this scenario we can easy foretell about future concern state of affairs. Upon historical record we can commix necessary alterations in the budgetary procedure. As the market scenario does non alter often there is no necessity to integrate rapid alterations in the budgetary system.As per above premise we can rede the organisation to follow the traditional attack to budgeting & A budgetary control.Scenario-2 One of the concerns operates in a really dynamic, quickly altering, advanced environment, where there is rapid alteration in either merchandises or demand twelvemonth on twelvemonth.In this scenario we can non easy predict about future concern state of affairs. Upon historical record we can non integrate necessary alterations in the budgetary procedure. As the market scenario changes often there is a necessity to integrate rapid alterations in the budgetary system. To make so, the directors of the organisation need to believe & amp re-think sing planning as an on-going procedure & A besides need to react rapidly as alterations concern state of affairs. So, the annually planning procedure is eradicated. The projection for the following twelvemonth is the first peal anticipation. Rolling budgets and prog nosiss need to be furnished every(prenominal) month or every one-fourth, alternatively of annually as before, which amplified work and costs linked to budgeting.As per above premise we can rede the organisation to follow the peal budget & A prognosiss approach to budgeting & A budgetary control. Through the planning procedure under this attack is clip devouring, turn overing budget must be suited for such type of concerns.DecisionThere are many unfavorable judgments have come from experts. Budgeting theory has been really effectual in analytical speculates and supplying qualified solutions linked to budgeting systems. Sometimes, the results of budgeting analysis have been conflicting and ill-defined, but in general upper limit recommendations have been incorporated & amp verified in existent scenarios. What I personally have observed really few companies even today use a flexible budgetary system and do a clear difference between governable & amp non-controllable disbursal wh en measuring their executives or directors.It can be freely mentioned that traditional budgeting is still non dead or wholly disused as it is still has been used in the bulk companies all over the universe. Nevertheless, most of them are likely to recognize that precisely the uniform budgeting theoretical account can non be used in the twenty-first century. Business environment scenarios are no longer sane and budgeting systems must go more antiphonal to the exact demand of consumers & A demands arise from the competition.Answer to the Question no. 02Here XYZ Limited is a medium sized evasiveness company which industry & A transfers its merchandises to different industrial clients who use its merchandises in their ain production line. The typical on the job detonating device of a duplicity company includes its hard currency, history receivables, three degree stocks as natural stuff, work-in-progress & A finished goods and history payables. Now I am advised to disclose on ho w each portion of the on the job corking rhythm could be improved and how it will critically measure the deductions of the developments on XYZ and other pendent clients. To make so, I would wish to discourse all the specifics of working capital rhythms of a fictionalization company.The on the job capital rhythm means how economic a company is at change overing hard currency into merchandises and back into hard currency once more. We can state a company with a really efficient capital rhythm confirms the competitory advantage over a company with an abysmal on the job capital rhythm.To give a better image of working capital rhythm let us say a company has a immense hard currency capital and it spends the hard currency to buy natural stuffs. Then the finished nutrient has been sold. As we are populating in a recognition universe so we have non received hard currency immediately. So, monies can be delinquent to purchasers & A Sellerss as trade receivables & A trade payables severa lly. So the on the job capital rhythm requires uniting the period of the stock tendency or gross revenues degree every bit good as hard currency convalescence from clients.Critical tools of working capital rhythmworks Capital Cycle = INVDOH+ ARDOH APDOHHere,INVDOH= list Days on Hand= ( descent/COGS ) *365 This ratio measures how many yearss stock list of a company remains on manus. The move figure of yearss stock list shows a company possesses strong gross revenues or the demand to increase stock list degrees. In contrary to this the higher figure of yearss stock list shows the company possesses a low gross revenues place.ARDOH= cipher Receivables Days on Hand = ( Account Receivables/Credit Gross saless ) *365 This ratio measures the figure of yearss it takes to have payments from clients. The lower figure yearss receivables show a company is pull offing its receivables expeditiously.APDOH= Account Payables Days on Hand = ( Account Payables/COGS ) *365 This ratio measures the figure of yearss it takes to pay its providers or sellers. The figure of yearss to pay varies by organisation and by industry. Each and every company wants to hold suited payment footings to guarantee liquidness at an optimal degree but does non desire to incur delinquent measures and fees.The Factors Affecting the Working Capital Requirements of an Organization1 ) Fictional character or nature of Business The working capital demand is related to the nature and size of the concern. In organisations where the cost of natural stuffs will be used in the fabrication of a merchandise is immense in per centum of its entire cost of industry. In this circumstance the working capital demands will be big. Contrary to this organisation holding immense investings in fixed plus need lesser sum of working capital.2 ) Volume or Size of Business & A scope of Operationss The demands of working capital of an organisation are straight influenced by the volume of its concern which may be shown in footings of a scope of operations. The greater the size of a concern concern, by and large higher will be the demands of working capital.3 ) Policy of Production A concern marked by articulating cyclicality in its sale may prosecute a production policy that may cut down the fluctuations in demands of working capital. For illustration an Air conditioner maker may keep stable production throughout the twelvemonth instead than shout uping the production activity at the clip of the extremum concern season. Such determination may cut down the fluctuations in the demands of working capital.4 ) Manufacturing result In a fabrication concern, the working capital demands addition in proportion to the length of the fabrication procedure. The longer the procedure clip of fabrication, the larger is the demand of working capital.5 ) Variations in Supply In the seasonal industries the natural stuffs are non available throughout the twelvemonth. Those industries had to purchase natural stuffs in majority at the clip of choice season to do certain an uninterrupted flow and production procedure than during the full twelvemonth.6 ) Credit Availability If any kinfolk awarded recognition on flexible footings it will necessitate less working capital as it can ever pay to creditors subsequently and vice-versa7 ) Inventory In the concern like sugar industry, one requires to hive away a immense sum of natural stuffs and finished merchandises because of its sensualness. The concerns are non able to sell whole finished goods, and so more on the job capital to be required.8 ) Working Capital Cycle In a fabrication company, the working capital rhythm begins with the purchase of natural stuff and stops with the realisation of hard currency from the gross revenues returns. The working capital demands find how rapidly the on the job capital rhythm completes one rhythm i.e. , longer the period of the on the job capital rhythm greater is the demands of working capital.9 ) Stock Turnover ra te The sum of working capital and the velocity with which gross revenues are performed is reciprocally related. A house holding a higher rate of stock list turnover will necessitate lower sums of working capital comparing to a house holding a lower rate of turnover.10 ) Business growing rate The demands of working capital of a company addition with the growing and development of its concern activities.How on the job capital rhythm affects an organisationNow I will seek to do understand how on the job capital demand varies with alterations of different specifics of symmetricalness sheet & A income statements.Let us see the undermentioned information collected from three Old ages fiscal statements of XYZ Limited.Particulars2010 ( $ )%2011 ( $ )%2012 ( $ )%Current AssetAAAAAACash7953.15852.64272.0A/R787330.4669330.0729834.7Inventory1002538.7798235.7669531.8Entire CA1869372.11526068.31442068.5Fixed AssetAAAAAALand & A Building266010.3266011.9266012.6Machinery & A Eqp.346313.4413518. 5451921.5Gross FA612323.6679530.4717934.1Acc. Dep.15085.821879.8278613.2Net Fa461517.8460820.6439320.9Due from Military officers370.100.000.0Intangible Assetss258310.0247011.1224510.7Entire Assetss25928100.022338100.021058100.0AAAAAAACurrent LiabilitiessAAAAAASTL911335.1714232.0481322.9Current Part of LTD6902.712555.611375.4A/P457217.6378416.9412419.6Accrued Expenses4651.84211.94812.3Entire CL1484057.21260256.41055550.1Long landmark LiabilitiesAAAAAALong Term Debt325812.6348315.6284013.5Deferred Income Tax3051.200.02831.3Entire Long Term Liabilities356313.7348315.6312314.8Stockholders EquityAAAAAACommon Stock18907.318908.518909.0Retained Net incomes563521.7436319.5549026.1Entire Stockholders Equity752529.0625328.0738035.0AAAAAAAEntire liabilities & A Net Worth25928100.022338100.021058100.0AAAAAAAGross saless32388100.036993100.040960100.0Cog2391373.82556569.12588563.2Depreciation5151.65731.57331.8Gross Net income796024.61085529.31434235.0Operating ExpensesAAAAAASG & A A683021.19 49325.71136027.7amortization2600.82520.72250.5Traveling & A Other Expenses4251.300.000.0Entire Operating Expenses751523.2974526.31158528.3Net Operation Net income4451.411103.027576.7AAAAAAAInterest Expense6171.97472.010022.4EBT-172-0.53631.017554.3Income Tax Expenses ( Credit )-230-0.7-305-0.83220.8Net Income580.26681.814333.5AAAAAAADividend PaidAA1940A306AFrom the information mentioned above we can cipher the undermentioned ratiosRatios2010 ( $ )2011 ( $ )2012 ( $ )Working Capital3853.02658.03865.0EfficiencyAAAINVDOH153.0114.094.00ARDOH89.0066.065.0APDOH70.0087.0054.00Working Capital Cycle172 yearss93 yearss105 yearssProfitablenessAAAGross Profit moulding24.629.335.0Operating Net income Margin1.43.06.7Net Net income Margin0.21.83.5Remarks If we analyze the above result we will see that the on the job capital demand in 2010 was US $ 3853 and working capital rhythm was 172 yearss. exclusively in 2011 the concern made immense development in working capital rhythm i.e. it reduced AR DOH for 23 yearss, INVDOH for 39 yearss and increased APDOH for 17 yearss and as such it reduced its on the job capital rhythm for 79 yearss and this development straight reduced its working capital demands i.e US $ 2658 in 2011. once more it fails to keep on the job capital rhythm that degree in 2012 and so its working capital demands besides increased up to US $ 3865.

Marketing-Pizza Industry Essay

The tetrad major competitors, Pizza-Hut, protactinium backsides, Dominos, and littler Ceasers atomic number 18 the securities sedulousness leaders in the take-out pizza pie industriousness. Having a strong give away equity in the take-out pizza perseverance allows a company to gain a signifi piece of asst advantage in the market. Customers in the take-out pizza assiduity slur a high value on the harvest-time quality and price of a company. Maintaining a good reputation is very substantial in this persistence for companies because customers result build a relationship with the company and will keep on coming back or ordering from that company if they feel corresponding they ar getting a good deal.Even though the take-out pizza manufacturing is very competitory, many investors will surely be looking for enthr anement opportunities in the years to come referable to the growth potential in the labor. Macroenvironment The demographic factors in the take-out pizz a industry hurt plyd impertinent positive opportunities for companies in the industry. Economic factors fecal matter also influence the industry in a positive or negative way during a good or dreary economy. Ecological factors such as rising prices in gas and rising prices on dairy growths has hurt the industry.Technological factors are helping companies meet new customer necessarily and demands and are opening up new opportunities for companies all around the world. Political and legal factors live with not had a tremendous new impact on companies in the industry. ethnical factors that keep affected the take-out pizza industry have been primarily the increase in consciousness of health and physical fitness among the public in the United States. Microenvironment Those factors that are close to a company, that affect its ability to serve its customers, are called its microenvironment.There are several factors that affect the microenvironment of a company in the take-out pi zza industry menti angiotensin converting enzymed in this report. They include the industrys market, the industrys competitors, its customers, and the industrys promotion and distri exclusivelyion of its products. A. The market in the Take-Out Pizza attention in the U. S.The market for the take-out pizza industry in the United States is fairly large and not to mention very competitive ( Competitors are talked about later on in this report). While at that place are quadruple major companies, Pizza-Hut, Dominos, Papa Johns, and shortsighted Ceasers, that take in 31. 7% percent of the market in this industry, 68. 3% percent of the market is dominated to what are cognise as former(a) personal credit linees.These other wrinklees, some of which are healthy k now, include the hundreds of small companies or family- owned businesses, that most people do not even realize compete in the pizza industry. The 68. 3% percent statistic shows that due to the fact that there is a very large market for pizza in the United States, the pizza industry is open to a lot of businesses, which causes the competition to intensify. other statistic that should intensify the competition in the next several years is the growth potential that is predicted to occur in this industry.According to hick Finance, the growth potential for the pizza industry in the next five years is estimated to be about 12. 4% percent. This number or percentage will probably surprise a good number of people, especially since Papa-Johns has just recently announced that it had to lay-off some employees due to losses in the company. unheeding of this announcement, the pizza market in the United States is sure to attract much(prenominal) businesses because of the growth potential in this industry in next several years. B. Competitors in the Take-Out Pizza Industry The take-out pizza industry is an extremely competitive industry.The reason this industry is so competitive is because there are quaternion ma jor competitors in this industry that not only compete against each other, but also against hundreds of other companies or private businesses. The four major competitors in the take-out pizza industry are Pizza- Hut, Papa Johns, Little Ceasers and Dominos. Pizza-Hut has a bit of an advantage over the other companies as it dominates about 13. 4 % percent of the market ( see Appendix A). Dominos comes in second out of these competitors, owning about 8. 4% percent of the market. Little Ceasers and Papa Johns rank third and fourth, as they own 5.3% percent and 4. 6% percent of the market respectively. The remaining 68. 3% percent of the market is controlled by those other companies in the industry. Some examples of those other businesses include Ledos Pizza, Sbarros Pizza, Jerry Subs&Pizza, and many others. So why is it that these four companies really have such a significant competitive advantage in the market over so many other companies in this industry? One reason is the fact that t he four major competitors have very strong brand equities.Customers know and recognize the light upons of these companies and prefer their products over products from companies that they are not as well aware of. It also helps that these four competitors are multi-million dollar companies that are able to spend a significant amount of m one and only(a)y promoting their products, which in turn leads to a stronger brand equity.The four major competitors have franchises all over the U. S. and are well known, while the other companies are usually just small businesses that are located in one area. It is important to note that there are those other companies in the take-out pizza industry that have name recognition among customers and have franchises through out the U. S.deuce examples of those companies are Ledos Pizza and Sbarro Pizza. Both of these companies are successful companies but do not have nearly the market share that the four major competitors have. This is because the four major competitors have thousands of franchises across the U. S. while Ledos and Sbarros have only a couple hundred. C. Customers in the Take-Out Pizza Industry Markets in this industry are segmented by dividing the markets into distinct group of buyers. The market in the take-out pizza industry is segmented by three types of buyers or consumers.Consumers who procure cheap pizza, consumers who purchase moderately priced pizza, and consumers who purchase expensive pizza ( see Appendix D -perceptual map for which company fits different consumers). However, companies in the industry a lot ignore these segments and target the market using undifferentiated merchandise or mass marketing by going after the market with one offer. For example, Little Ceasers could advertise a deal such as 2 Pizzas for $14 dollars, which is in black marketed to target all the segments in the market. The most effective vehicles that are utilise to reach the consumers in the take-out pizza industry are just any types of cars.With so many different competitors in such a large market, the marketing mix plays a major role in the buy behavior patterns of customers in the take-out pizza industry. Promotion is definitely one of the key factors in the buy behavior patterns of customers in the take-out pizza industry. Promotion is a big reason why the four companies, Pizza Hut, Papa Johns, Dominos, and Little Ceasers have a distinct competitive advantage in the market over other companies in the pizza industry.The more customers know about a companies product, the more business that company will usually generate, especially over those companies that do not promote their product. Price, which is another component of the marketing mix, is also a very important factor in the buying behavior pattern of customers in the take-out pizza industry. However, price is a more complex issue in the pizza industry than one might anticipate. The reason for this, is the fact that many of the other smaller c ompanies in this industry, lower their prices on purpose, in order to compete with the big name companies like Pizza Hut and Papa Johns.A lower price will not necessarily mean more business if the product quality of a particular company is considered low by customers. Quality is another factor that has a huge affect on customer buying behavior. A lower price with good product quality is what will really generate business in this industry. The four major competitors, Pizza Hut, Papa Johns, Dominos, and Little Ceasers are known for their groovy product quality and their fair prices (see perceptual Map).These companies have that capacious reputation of great product, great service, and fair price which is valued so highly by costumers. Having a good reputation of a product and price is very essential in the take-out pizza industry because customers will build a relationship with the company and will keep on ordering from that company if they believe they are getting a good deal.D. Pr icing in Pizza Market What is interesting about the pricing in the pizza industry is that the take-out pizza market can be thought of as having two types of competition. Most people would agree that the take-out pizza market can be seen as a monopolistic competition, or the market consisting of many buyers and sellers with different prices (Kottler). What most people do not realize is that between the four major competitors there is somewhat of a oligopolistic competition.The four major competitors are very sensitive to each others prices because customers perceive their quality of product very similarly. If Pizza-Hut were to lower its prices, the other competitors would be in danger of losing business if they do not lower their prices as well. Lowering prices could lead to price wars among the competitors, which the pizza-industry was very well known for in the 1990s. Therefore, companies must be very attentive in the prices and deals they offer to their customers. For companies t o be successful in the take-out pizza industry in the future, companies must find a way to have lower prices on with great product quality among their competitors.E. Promotion and Distribution in the Take-Out Pizza Industry Promoting and distributing the product is very important in the take-out pizza industry. Those companies that promote their product and are able to distribute or deliver that product efficiently are the companies that scarper do be successful in the take-out pizza industry. The four major competitors are known for their advertising and promoting in this industry. These companies try to differentiate themselves in the industry by having unique logos and catch phrases that express their great product or service (see Appendix C for logos of the four major competitors).For example, Papa Johns tries to distinguish itself in the pizza industry as having Better Ingredients, Better Pizza. Dominos wants to be known in the industry as not just having great pizza, but as having that very fast and efficient service when they use the phrase Get the door Its dominos. Little Ceasers Pizza, a company that lost a lot of its market popularity when it suffered big losses from 1998 to 2001 (VBIC-Little Ceasers), has been slowly climbing back by offering Quality Products + Great Taste + Favorite Food =Little Caesars Pizza .Pizza-Hut, the company with the biggest market share in the industry, is known as The family pizza place (Pizza-Hut). Companies in the pizza industry have also been known to run their advertisement campaigns by promoting sales using special deals or bonus packs. For example, Dominos used to promote buy one, get one free on Tuesdays (see Appendix B for examples of bonus packs used by the four major competitors). Many other companies in the industry have been known to promote deals that are very similar.Marketing and promoting a companies product will help companies in the pizza industry with their goal of maximizing their profit. Efficient distribution of products in the take-out pizza industry is now more important than ever before. Intensive distribution, which is stocking the product in as many outlets as possible is the outline most franchises of the four major competitors prefer to use, because pizza is a convenience product, and is therefore bought frequently. With the increasingly rapid pace of living in our society, customers are demanding rapid and more efficient service.The pizza industry has responded with this change by distributing the product straight to the consumer instantaneous and more efficiently. One of the ways distribution has improved is due to the fact that companies have become more convenient for the customer. For example, Pizza-Hut has partnered up with KFC and Taco Bell to make it more convenient for customers to obtain their product (Pizza Hut). The companies in the take-out pizza industry, that will be most successful in distributing their products in the future, are the ones that wil l be able to provide their product straightaway, more efficient, and at more convenient locations.Macroenvironment There are also factors outside of a company that affect its ability to serve its customers. These factors are called the macroenvironment of the company. The macroenvironment factors that affect companies in the pizza industry include the demographic, economic, ecological, technological, political/legal, and cultural factors. A. Demographic factors that have affected the Take-Out Pizza Industry The demographic factors that have affected the take-out pizza industry are the geographical shift of families toward the suburbs, as well as the increase in single- call down families.These developments have presented new positive opportunities for the take-out pizza industry. New opportunities have been created in the industry because more people have been moving from cities to the suburbs. New communities are now being developed in places like the countryside, once thought to be unreachable by many just a decade ago. This has allowed the market in the industry to wave because there are more families and people in general in the suburban areas. This demographic shift has provided more accessible targets for companies in the industry. Another demographic shift that is having an affect on the take-out pizza industry is the change in the makeup of the American family.There are more divorces in the United States than ever before and due to this there are more single put forward families. Many single parents work and do not have time to prepare meals for their families. This presents another positive opportunity for companies in the take-out pizza industry. When single parent families are in a rush or are looking for a just simple meal to feed the family, companies in the take-out pizza can gain from this opportunity because they can satisfy this customer need.Demographic developments such as the increase in single parent families, and the geographic shift of of families from cities to the suburbs has grow the market for companies in the take- out pizza industry. B. Economic Factors that can influence the Take-Out Pizza Industry Economic factors influence almost every industry, and the take-out pizza industry is no exception. If prices of a product such as pizza go up by a significant amount, there will probably be an affect such as less consumption of pizza by customers.One other thing that could happen is, due to the various prices of pizza in the industry, customers could also buy cheaper pizza with lower quality to compensate for the rising prices. However, usually when the price of a product goes up, especially such as victuals, consumers tend to substitute that good or product with a cheaper good or product. In a bad economy, people tend to spend less and rescue more. Therefore, people will probably spend less on pizza compared to what they would in a better economy. On the other hand, if the income of people or families were to increase, there will probably be a rise in the consumption of a product such as pizza.When people have more money, they tend to spend it on more goods and products. In a good economy, people are generally spending more money and are usually consuming more pizza. C. Ecological Factors that affect the Take-Out Pizza Industry The ecological factors that are affecting the take-out pizza industry are the rising gas prices as well as the rising prices on dairy products, specifically cheese. Both of these factors have really hurt companies in the industry. The rising prices of gas has really hurt those companies in the industry that deliver because companies have had to compensate their drivers for the extra cost.The rising prices on dairy products, especially cheese, has hurt all the companies in the industry because cheese is one of the main ingredients to making a pizza. The smaller chains have been especially hit hard by these rising costs and it has been reflected in the rising c osts of pizza in many stores. For example, one small chain in Boston called Papa Ginos, has had to raise the price of their medium sized pizza from $8. 99 to $9. 49 ( National Restaurant Magazine). Customers do not buy as much with higher prices so companies end up losing business.These increases in prices have had a very negative affect on the industry. (For negative publicity in the industry, please see Political/legal factors). D. Technological Factors that affect the Take-Out Pizza Industry Technological factors are also affecting the take-out pizza industry. Due to the increasingly rapid pace of living, customers in the take-out pizza industry are now demanding faster and more efficient service (Pizza-Hut). Technology is helping companies in the pizza industry meet those customer demands.For example, new and better equipment, such as faster ovens, which are always being modified and improved on, are allowing for companies to make pizzas faster and more efficient. The new intern et age has allowed customer to order pizza online, giving companies more business and speeding up the service. With computers available in almost every pizza store, when an order comes in for a pizza, stores are now able to get more precise directions to the address of where the pizza is supposed to be delivered.Technology has also opened up doors to new opportunities for many companies in the industry. Due to improved technology and communication through out the world, companies in the industry, especially the ones with money, like the four major competitors, are now looking to expand their business not only in the United States but also oversees. Improvements in technology has helped companies in the take-out pizza industry adjust to customer needs and wants, and at the same time, it has opened up opportunities all over the world for companies in the industry.E. Political/Legal Factors that affect the Take-Out Pizza Industry The political or legal factors that affect the take-out pizza industry are usually any food regulations that are enforced from the U. S. government. In the last several years, the government has pushed companies in the pizza industry to make their food healthier for consumers.This has not been as big of a problem as first anticipated, because companies in the take-out pizza industry have been forced to modify their menus anyways. Due to the increase in consciousness of health and fitness among the public, companies have had to adjust to this health craze with healthier choices to provide customer satisfaction and to stay profitable in the industry (see next section on cultural factors for more in depth on this topic).Another legal issue, which has received some bad publicity, is that the group People for the Ethical Treatment (PETA) has sent letters to three of the major competitors, Dominos, Papa Johns and Little Ceasers seeking to curb alleged abuses, particularly against dairy cows that produce the milk for mozzarella cheese(News Dige sts). This issue is being dealt with as the companies are meeting with PETA to make sure they are meeting its guidelines. Overall, political and legal factors have not had a tremendous affect on the take-out pizza industry. F.Cultural Factors that affect the Take-Out Pizza Industry The major cultural factor that has affected the take-out pizza industry has been the increase in consciousness of health and fitness among the public. This has had a negative affect on the industry because companies have suffered in business. Pizza has never been perceived as being exactly the most healthy food out there. With the new health craze, companies in the take-out pizza industry have been forced to adjust their products and services to the new costumer wants. Companies in the industry have spent millions of dollars to find out how to satisfy these wants.Even though pizza is still the dominant menu item, many new healthy compliments have been added to the menu in order to soothe customer demands. These new additions have included salads that could be purchased separately or in different pizza combo packages, and the offering of healthier beverages such as numerous diet beverages and water.Pizzas have also been modified to adjust with the health craze as items such as vegetarian pizzas, lower fat ingredients, and low-carb crust are now being offered. Due to the fact that the American society has placed more value on health, companies in the take-out pizza industry have been forced to adjust their products and services in order to remain profitable.

Mechanically Ventilated Patient Requiring Sedation Essay

A bearing plan for a mechanically ventilated tolerant requiring sedation has to be cautiously planned out with the help of a multidisciplinary team of medical professionals. It is very big for a nurse taking care of a patient on a ventilator to deliver high quality care using evidence-base nursing practices. The nurse need to make for sure that he/she has a clear understanding of assessment skills and how to perform safety checks on vital life-saving equipment, having this knowledge base will function the nurse in planning interventions that best fit the patient needs and desires (Alasad, 2005).The most crucial intervention that I would focus on is the patients airway cod to if the airway is blocked this would increase the patients risk of not breathing and possibly coding by going into respiratory distress, to help diminution the risk of the patient having these airway problems I would focus my attention on doing an assessment of the airway at least once every hour or sooner. The next intervention that I would focus on is the pain level because this is problematic due to the inability of a mechanically ventilated patient to verbalise due to the invasive endotracheal intubation. Therefore I would use tools to measure a patients pain that are appropriate for that individual such as a pain picture board or paper with the numeric pain scale on it for the patient to the point to (Ackley, 2011).The following intervention that I would focus on is mouth care and comfort measures in the ventilated patient due to the patient cannot perform oral care on themselves so that puts the patient at an increased risk for an infection setting up in their mouth. Therefore mouth care with a soft brush should be performed every two hours. In addition to this comfort measure are important so the patient must be turned q2hours as a result this will keep the patient comfortable and decrease the risk of the patients skin from breaking down due to immobilized. Along with this, a bed bath would be performed everyday so that the nurse can assess the skin for any break downs that may be forming.Another important intervention to perform on a mechanically ventilated patient who is sedated is eye care. It is important for the nurse to maintain eye integrity due to these patients is sensitised to corneal dehydration, abrasions, and even infection. Therefore it is important to instill eye drops to keep the eyes moist and to use the antibiotic eye ointment as prescribed. The finishing intervention that I would include in this care plan in conjunction with the respiratory department in the hospital is sedation vacation. Doing this method would assist the patient in being weaned off the vent and for the nurse to gather further assessment data without the patient being heavily sedated (Ackley, 2011).In conclusion the nurses goal in providing care to a mechanically ventilated patient on sedation is to provide relief spell minimizing the development of drug dependency and oversedation. Careful monitoring with a bedside scoring system, the appropriate use of medications, and a strategy of daily interruption can atomic number 82 to diminished time on the ventilator and in the ICU (Urden, 2012).ReferenceAckley, B. J., & Ladwig, G. B. (2011). Nursing diagnosis handbook An evidence-based guide to planning care (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO Mosby ElsevierAlasad J, Ahmad M. communion with critically ill patients. Adv Nurs 200550(4)Urden, L. (2012). Priorities in critical care. (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO Elsevier

Cross Cultural Business Negotiations (United States and Japan) Essay

Abstract misgiving Cultures and acquiring skills necessary to make a cross cultural commerce negotiation a successful and pleasant nonplus for both parties involved requires much more than just the overview of the nicety and it becomes hard because of the complexity of the kitchen-gardening to grab the entire core of a foreign culture without investing abundant time and effort into it, however initial understanding of the c formerlypts can be a good start. General perception is that American business men or managers at times feel out of their comfort z angiotensin-converting enzyme when negotiating with their Nipponese counterpart because of the behaviours demonstrated by lacquerese which argon, just like every more or less other culture, are simply based on their assumptions , beliefs, norms and customs which are unfamiliar to other party. Understanding the cross cultural aspects are extremely beneficial for either of the parties involved and can highly facilitate commu nication by decreasing the chance of any possible misunderstanding.Either Americans or lacquerese both deport tendency to bring their own cultural background with them while negotiating which of course affects the behaviours and ultimately the end result. American and Japanese cultures hardly mother any similarities so clashes caused by cultural differences are inevitable for example what may be portion outed acceptable by the standards of one party mightiness not be acceptable by the standards of other. This makes understanding the cultural issues and behaviours in depth more important especially for Americans if they plan to negotiate with Japanese because Japanese might not give any direct clue about where the negotiation is heading as Americans expect from other American managers during business negotiations. In this make-up many cross cultural areas based on different models are discussed which helped us to identify the similarities and differences between these cultures, understanding of these similarities and differences can help managers to formulate properly strategies to achieve maximum output from the negotiation subprogram and make cross cultural interactions and negotiations a pleasant experience for bothparties involved.Cross Cultural pedigree Negotiations ( coupled States and Japan) In todays global world, businesses are continuously expanding all over the world. For the business world, at that place are no boundaries or borders. Companies are incessantly moving to new places and finding new business opportunities, new business partners. And in this search, they are very much expanding their business across countries. Although, companies are adopting an international set out and partnering with other companies across borders, in this process they dedicate to cope with the cultural differences of different countries. Talking about American and Japanese business culture, there are huge differences between the two. If an American busi nessman decides to do with business with any Japanese corporation, he allow for confirm to plan and prepare for his run across extensively. First, lets talk about the differences in American and Japanese culture.GLOBE Study was able to establish nine cultural dimensions which allowed capturing the differences and similarities between different societies and cultures in the basic nature of it, which consists of behaviours and artefacts, different beliefs and values a particular lodge have, interpreting patterns and assumptions. It allowed GLOBE to create country clusters. Now According to GLOBEs country clusters U.S.A is in Anglo cluster whereas Japan is in Confucian cluster and differences become gravider as the distance between clusters increase. Anglo and Confucian cultures are near on the opposite sides. This way they hardly share similarities in context of dimensions assumption by Hofstede.Power distance is first and recent leanings suggest that Japan has just now star ted making its place near the world average in power distance for example victory of the democratic party of Japan in the elections of 2009 as they vowed to diminish the power of bureaucrats which makes it evident that they are becoming less tolerant of the power distance unless still they have a long way to go. Americans on the other hand always had a low power distance as the Anglo cluster ranks high in participative go about but Confucian is at the bottom onward Middle East. In Case of individualism Japan is at the collective end of the individualism/collectivism. youthful trend suggests that the kins between employee and employer in Japan are becoming strained but collectivism is still more dominant. In context of this dimensionAmericans have one of the highest scores in individualism. The hierarchal structures of American organizations are designed for convenience and to make superiors accessible. Managers have high dependency on individual employees for their expertise. s ucceeding(prenominal) dimension is of Masculinity/Femininity and Japan has one of the roughly masculine guild around the globe. According to Hofstedes original sample Japan class-conscious highest among all the countries in this dimension. Like many other dimensions trend in this dimension has also started shifting in Japan for example the equal use of goods and services chance legislation which happened in mid 80s helped removing many barriers for the women but still according to studies more than 60% of playacting women quite their jobs later their first child. High ranking of Japan in masculinity also indicates that the Japanese society is driven by competition and achievement. Low score on masculinity or being placed on or close to femininity end means that the dominant values in particular society are caring for others and being more concerned about quality of life.Americans ranked just slightly above the middle on masculinity which means that distance between these two cultures in context of this dimension is considerable. Next dimension is uncertainty liftance. Talking about Japanese, generally they have tendency to avoid uncertainty but as in past years some manufacturers left Japan and this trend affected the tolerance for uncertainty in hold up environment. If trend continues it can significantly reduce the number of people who are loyal to the employer and can flourish the entrepreneurial trends which are commonly seen in United States as it will affect the number of job opportunities available domestically. Students after graduation will face immense competition and will probably have one shot at employment or they will be frozen out of the job market. United States is more risk fetching society but currently it had also started to lean toward uncertainty avoidance because of some different trends, for example decline of the stock market and recent recession layover of 2007-2009 plus the housing bubble bust.All these factors made people to seek for security and less risky investment opportunities. Another factor which might have effected is the treat they have from other emerging nations which are economically becoming more powerful and it can cause Americans to take more defending stance and to look for more stable grounds preferably than being risk taking society. One other dimension called pragmatism which deals with thebehavioural trend of people about having the accounting of the things. If we talk about normative societies most of the people require of have a strong desire to have an explanation but in pragmatic societies, people might not require explanation for everything because they consider it almost impossible that a someone can full understand the phenomena around them because of the complexity of life. Americans have tendency to check and analyse the information they receive for validity. This trend in culture makes us consider most of the Americans as non-pragmatic but the fact that they are ver y practical should not be confused. Japanese culture is more of a high context culture.In Japanese business culture, they have more sense of belonging i.e. insider vs. outsider. They are more focused towards building long term relationships. Japanese are more relationship oriented rather than task oriented. They are more focused on relegated understanding rather than formal information. On the other hand, American culture is kind of a low context culture. It is more oriented towards rules and tasks. Tasks are given more wideness than relationships. Relationships are usually short-term dependant on the tasks. Now as we have established the base and have the general understanding about the differences and similarities among both cultures we can move forward to the negotiation process between American and Japanese Managers. When an American manager plans on doing business and negotiating with a Japanese manager, the American manager of course has to be more brisk compared to the Jap anese. Although both managers will have to be disposed(p) for the meeting and negotiation on their behalves, still in case where American is approaching the Japanese, he will have to fully understand the culture and cultural differences, and then plan accordingly for meeting and negotiation.High context cultures are always harder to enter due to the fact that you cannot instantly create close relationships which are a trait of a high context culture. Americans need enough time to understand and arrive at information about the culture, and plan extensively before they are prepared enough for the meeting with such huge cultural differences. They will have to belong continuously to build relationship that Japanese can trust and consider an insider. Although tasks are important to Japanese, still they are more focused on feelings rather than opinions and facts. As discussed before American culture promotes individualism while Japanese culture is moretowards collectivism. It is due to these and many other differences that the Japanese culture is looked at as a big obstacle in the way of doing business with Japanese companies or in Japan but once they have enough understanding and have enough preparation the simple differences and ways of Japanese culture are not that hard to start building relationship and earning the prospect to become a part of Japanese business.For example, if an American manager wants to do business with a Japanese manager, and he is looking forward to a great start and rewardting a positive response, the first gradation in the meeting will be the greeting. Greeting is an important part of Japanese culture. Japanese people are always too polite. The bow is an integral part of Japanese greeting, to show gratitude. Although, westerners are not expected to bow, they are greeted with handshake feature with a slight bow from their Japanese counterpart. The next tone of voice is the exchange of business cards. In Japanese culture, followed by greetings, all the professionals present in the meeting are expected to exchange their business cards. It can be seen as a way of introducing yourself and your organization. An American manager should collect enough information and prune on clarifying meanings of different aspects before getting into a meeting with any Japanese manager, as in Japanese culture, it is considered impolite to directly give voice something or directly refuse.Disagreement is usually expressed nonverbally. Even if the Japanese are not interested to do business with you, they will not communicate it verbally or directly, in fact they will wait for you to lose interest. Even if talking about employees, in Japanese culture, non performers dont get fired. They could be transferred to another department or any other organization but are not fired. So the American manager has to be prepared for understanding this type of situation where he could anticipate the response of his counterpart. When talking about m eetings, American manager must understand that to Japanese, meetings usually mean the opportunity to exchange information. Decisions are not usually made in meetings. In Japanese culture, meeting could be attended by subordinates but no one is expected to give any response at that time. It might seem to the foreigner in this situation that no one is taking interest but he should not be disheartened. This is how Japanese usually do business. They dont discuss with outsiders.What American managers can do is they can take along an interpreter to help advance understand the Japanese counterpart and the meaning of their behaviour. Japanese people also take time to develop trust and a better relationship. So it is not expected to get on the spot response from them. Japanese managers want to develop good and long lasting relationships before moving ahead in the business. In Japanese business culture, the core pillar of the culture is the political party. The company shapes the image of th e person. So much importance is given to the company that even in their usual matters of life decisions like marriage or renting out property are based on the company one works in. If someone wants to rent an apartment, the landlord will want to know in dot about the company that person works in. Even if that person changes the job, he will be obliged to let the landlord know.Then the landlord will take decision about continuing to let that person live there or not based on the reliability of the new company. Japanese people are socially ranked based on the company they work for. Japanese people are not expected to change jobs. The careers are developed within the company compared to careers developed within the market in American culture. In Japanese culture, people are expected to work for the identical company throughout their life until they retire. This is helpful for both the company and the employee. Company saves the make up of new hiring and training while employees choo se to be on a safe path and they have a sense of security in their careers. The same thing can be connected to business partners. Japanese managers will not move forward until they get to build a trustworthy relationship with an American manager. But once the relationship is developed, it will go a long way and the Japanese would like to keep on doing business as they look for consistency.This Japanese sense of loyalty could be very beneficial for the foreign company. Another part of Japanese culture is punctuality. So when planning for a meeting, the American manager should take note of being on time. They have exact specified start times and end times. Even deadlines are stringently followed. So being on time also shows your interest and helps develop some of the trust. Another aspect of Japanese business culture is that they dont talk about money specifically. If money is discussed right away, it is taken as if the only concern is money here and that is all the reason negotiatio ns are taking place. Japanese managers like to refer to money by expressions that are associated with it like payments, profits, wages, salaries etc and they only discuss itwhat they consider to be the right moment for it. Still their study concern is always about building relationships.If any manager starts away by talking about money he will be considered envious and ill mannered. One reason of not talking about money is that they consider counterparts to be outsiders unless they are able to develop enough trust. Also in cases where Japanese managers think that they are comparatively in weak position, they avoid using negative words while talking about their organizations. It is expected that the other company will not be interested to do business with them if they are in a weak position. So in such cases, they depict the interest of the other company by using words such as profits and success. Japanese managers try to develop interest in their company by taking confidence in t heir company and showing satisfaction in their performance. At first, Japanese managers like to gather as much detail as possible about their counterpart and about the organization they are representing. It is then followed by a careful decision of whether they are ready to do business with them or not.So American managers should not get in any hurry and should not be expecting on the spot response. The first step for the Japanese managers is to determine the value of whatever is being offered. Even the foreign manager should not jump to talking about money as this is considered as an ill manner when one talks about money before them making a decision whether or not they want the service or business partnership. So any manager should wait for them to start talking about money as for Japanese, money or price is the second step in any negotiation although for Americans, this is considered to be an important part of any negotiation. Before entering into negotiation, American manager sh ould study or understand the importance of nonverbal communication in Japanese culture. As we know that Japanese managers or businessmen are not that much straightforward, so their response is often portrayed by non verbal expressions or their body language.Non verbal communication could include facial expressions, eye contact and other body language. But it could switch off to be hard to detect as Japanese people are very subtle compared to Americans. Another strong part of Japanese culture during any business meeting is the exchange of gifts. Japanese always present their counterparts with gifts or exchange gifts as this is considered to be a demonstration of appreciation and courteous feelings. They consider it to be the part oftheir manners to give or receive gifts by standing up and using two hands. If these manners are not followed, Japanese feel hurt and take it as no value was given to their gift. A gift also serves the purpose of showing that they want to have some kind of relationship built with each other.The intention of building a relationship is made clear. Exchange of gifts is considered to be a part of Japanese greetings. As for Americans, gift giving is usually associated with asking for any favour or getting a return out of it. But for Japanese it is a unmixed custom and a way to praise. Contrary to American business culture, a delay in making any decision is not considered to be someones inefficiency. They rather take it as a difference in decision making process. But once they take the responsibility of completing a job, one can easily put their faith on them even if it is out of reach of their capabilities and they have a way of coming out with portentous results.ConclusionCompared to other business cultures in the world, the Japanese business culture is unique in its own way. And it may seem like an obstacle, but once one get to understand the basics of culture, it also provides security to their business by building life time relation ships. Some of the traits of Japanese culture are their loyalty, consistency, collectivism, their way of giving respect. If American managers do their research before meeting Japanese managers for negotiations, and take care of little details while complimenting them in conformity with their culture, Japanese will be very pleased and any negotiation can be expected to result in favour of both the parties. Japanese are pleased by foreign managers who are acquainted with their customs and they will in return make the American managers feel more promiscuous and relaxed. And at the same time it will be beneficial by enhancing the communication among both parties. In short, awareness of cross culture is the key to better communication between two so distant cultures.ReferencesBrislin, R. (1970). Back-translation for cross cultural research. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 1, 185216.Arizona Republic, September 14, 1986, Meishi Card of status, p. F-1 and F-8.Wall highroad Journal, Aunt Helen Japans Answer to Dear Abby, March 26, 1987, p. 36.Barnett, A. & Kincaid, D. (1983). A mathematical theory of cultural convergence. In William B. GudyKunst. ed., Intercultural Communication Theory Current Perspectives. (pp. 171-179). Beverly Hills. CA Sage.Economist. (2010). Into the unknown A special report on Japan. Nov. 20, 116.Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures Consequences Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications.World scotch and Social Survey. (2007). New York, NY United Nations.Wu, M. (2006). Hofstedes cultural dimensions 30 years later A study of Taiwan and the United States. Intercultural Communication Studies, 15, 3342.House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P. & Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe An introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37, 310.

Medea Claim Essay

do by Euripides, Jason is the antagonist of the story. His handling of his ex-wife Made causes the tragedy of the story. As the plot line unfolds, we begin to connect Medias irrational actions with the way she is do by by Jason. Jason chose a new bride and abandoned Made, along with his two sons. The tutor said, The father does not love his sons, but -his new wedding bed(Euripides 16). Made isnt the only character realizing thatJason has completely forgotten active his family for his new wife. Seasons actions were due to his selfish and self-centered attitude. Made lost all mental stability after(prenominal) she was left by the man she thought was the love of her life. Made says on her betrayal, Woman, on the whole, is a timid thing L but, wronged in love,there is no join more murderous(Euripides 31 This betrayal has unleashed a rage in her, that was never seen before. In attempt to frustrate Made, Jason refuses to let her bring their children with her when she is exiled.He fa ils to think about the repercussions of his actions, and jumps to blame everyone but himself. Medias life would be far from a tragedy if it werent for Seasons actions. As any woman would, Made seeks revenge on Seasons repulsive actions. She says, at present can unfold to you Chorus my whole design there is nothing sweet in it, as you will SE (Euripides 137). Jason definitely is to blame for the tragedy due to his treatment of Made.

Mohandas Gandhi: A Moral/Economic Progress Essay

In Mohandas Gandhis talking to Economic and Moral Progress emphasis is placed on distinguishing the difference surrounded by stinting and chaste progress. From Gandhis experience and studies he recognizes that economic and moral progress are often opposing and interchangeable. Gandhi states that he knows little of economics unless was more that happy to speak on the topic because of his strong belief in the importance of moral progress over economic progress. Gandhi relies primarily on religious text coupled with all three rhetoric devices to exemplify his argument. Gandhi quotes the bible in saying Take no thought for the morrow meaning adept should seek morality over substantial advantage, an idea prevalent in almost all the religious scriptures in the world(Gandhi 334) and it is this very idea with which Gandhi argues. Gandhi views economic progress and moral progress as two singular properties.Gandhi makes the assumption at the beginning of his speech that economic progress refers to ones conservative wealth while moral progress refers to real progress (Gandhi 334) Gandhi introduces his idea of what defines moral progress by asking Does not moral progress plus in the same proportion as material progress? (Gandhi 334) In this question Gandhi is examining the relationship between economic and moral progress. Gandhi states that it is popular belief that material progress does not clash with moral progress, so it must necessarily advance the latter. Gandhi exemplifies this popular idea and applies it to the case of thirty dweebions of India stated by the late Sir William Wilson Hunter to be living on one meal a day this case built on the idea that before tending to ones moral welfare their daily needs must first be satisfied.Gandhi continues on state how absurd this idea it is, it is his belief that every human has the right to life, food, clothing and shelter moreover to obtain these things we need no assistance from economists(Gandhi 334) It is Gan dhis belief that the test of orderliness in a country is not the number of millionaires it owns, but the absence of starvation among its masses. Gandhis argument relies heavily on his use of ethos in quoting religious texts as well as historical figures. It is Gandhis idea that economic progress does not necessarily clash or assist in moral progress, but rather acts a vehicle, which holds the possibility for either outcome. Gandhi illustrates the potential for economic progression leading to moral growth when he recalls his time in South Africa. Gandhi had ascertained that thepeople of South Africa believed that the greater possession of riches, the greater was their moral turpitude(Gandhi 335) meaning that the societal norms frowned upon living in excess and not sharing wealth.though in contrast, Gandhi exemplifies economic progress leading to moral decay when he addresses the decline and fall of Rome, Egypt and even the Hindu deity Krishna, with them material pass has not necessa rily meant moral gain(Gandhi 335) Gandhi is not opposing the pursuit of wealth, but the pursuit of wealth for material advantage. Gandhi applies pathos to religious ideals, evident when he describes what he believes to be symbolic of material progress, he states It is not possible to conceive gods inhabiting a land which is made hideous by the smoke and the din of mill chimneys and factories and whose roadways are traversed by rushing engines dragging numerous cars crowded with men who know not what they are after(Gandhi 337) Gandhis vivid imagery successfully conveys his idea that material wealth has corrupted the values of society and stunted moral progression.Gandhis speech is strongly driven by his use of moral philosophy and emotion, but his speech also appeals to the logical mind. Gandhis use of logos is evident during his quotation of the great scientist(Gandhi 337) Alfred Wallace. Wallace, a British naturalist states that his country has upchuck power and wealth before nat ure and Christianity and describes how as the country has rapidly advanced in riches, it has gone down in morality(Wallace 338) Gandhis speech is largely based on the idea that society today upholds a distorted set of values, placing emphasis on material advantage and economic gain over moral growth and progress. Gandhis use of rhetoric devices appeal to a diverse audience using logic, ethics and emotion to prove that moral progress trumps economic progress.

iTunes and the Future of Music Essay

Through its iTunes, iPod, and proprietary symphony softw be, Apple dominates the juristic music download sedulousness. But with the iPod contribute half of all the firms revenues, Apple faces intensifying competition posed by imitators such as the joint venture between Microsoft and MTV, and Samsungs Helix. In addition to the competitive pressures, iPod excessively faces legal challenges. In France for example, legal enactments that compel firms with proprietary music management software to open their code to others are about to be passed.Such a law will also standardize formats across the industry so that songs from one vendor could be played on a digital player from each other system. Apple has also had to stare down the four largest figure labels as far as pricing is concerned. While the four largest record labels preferred variable pricing in order to maximise earnings, Apple successfully argued for the flat 99 cents price which is much competitive (Boone and Kurtz, 200 8, ch. 4). The success of Apple illustrates how cargo to the marketing orientation philosophy is useful in ensuring organizational success.Unlike the major record labels which insisted on selling music packaged in CDs, Apple realized that music consumers tastes and preferences had shifted in favour of the more convenient digital format, and developed a ware around such needs. Through the strategy of product development as identified by the Ansoff Matrix, we see Apple adding on to its product line music videos, popular TV shows, and short movies (Mercer, 1996). Apart from the product, Apple also got other elements of its marketing mix right.In particular, its adoption of the flat $0. 99 price rather than the variable pricing pushed by major record labels ensures that the product remains competitive. Its ability to bundle together its three products the iPod, iTunes and proprietary music software is also a smart marketing gimmick that has enabled it to lock in customers (Boone and Kurtz, 2008, ch. 4). Apple derives its sustainable competitive receipts from its proprietary music software as well as its unique player iPod.By enacting laws that supply Apples rivals access to its code, and by standardizing formats across the industry so that songs from other vendors could play from the iPod and frailness versa, the new regulations will in essence be eroding the source of the competitive advantage enjoyed by Apple in the digital music industry. For that reason, should the French legislation succeed, it would be better for Apple to suck iTunes out of the French market (Boone and Kurtz, 2008, ch. 4).