Interdiction and Eradication of Drugs in the U.S Essay

Interdiction and Eradication of Drugs in the U.S - Essay Example The irony is that consumption of drugs has been on the increase, criminals are making more money from their annual turnover ranging from $ 400 to 500 billion. According to a confidential report from U.K. Government, only 20 percent out of 700 tons of Cocaine and 500 tons of Heroin illegally produced is being seized by enforcement forces. Supply being plentiful, prices are reported to be ruling low at $ 70 per gram today as against $ 184 in 1990. (Glenny 2007) This report is not alone. Similar observations. abound in the other Governmental reports and NGO studies Therefore the study gains significance in the wake of such reports to examine strengths and weaknesses of the Governments' policy initiatives towards interdiction and eradication of drugs. More so, because of opinions advocating legalizing the drugs besides the fact that policy initiatives focus on eradication of poppy cultivation without offering viable alternatives to the farmers concerned. The President rolls out National Drug Control Strategy for each year incorporating three key strategies namely (1) Stopping the Use before it Starts; (2) Intervening and Healing America's Drug Users; and, (3) Disrupting the Market. The Drug Budget for FY 2008 is $12.961 billion short of $0.167 billion from last year though it is compensated by additional request for $ 266 .1 million for emergency spending in Afghanistan.(National Drug Control Strategy). The Rand Report 2005 says that every year 16 million Americans forming 7 percent of the country’s population above the age of 12 consume about $60 billion worth of illegal drugs. And invariably the surveys on Americans have reveled that â€Å"drugs’† is one of the major ten problems of the country. ... (Caulkins P et al 2005 p 13) About 3 million drug consumers are affected by serious drug related problems and about 17,000 people have died due to problems illicit drug use in the year 2000 as against 20,000 in the year 1990. In 2003, 28,723 people have died for the same reason. (McVay) President's Drug Policy of Feb 2007 says that contrary to the reports in many quarters that drugs abuse has not been checked, performance records show a positive trend towards drugs control for the past six years ever since the present incumbent took office. As against the targeted reduction of drug abuse by 10 percent within 2 years and 25 percent within 5 years, administration claims to have achieved 11 percent and 23.2 percent respectively. And this was achieved by strategic benchmarking of each month's consumption. Figures beyond five years are even higher and in terms of number of youth who gave up drug use, it is 840,000. The lessons learnt during the last six years of the President's first of its kind National Drugs Control Strategy evidence that a sound policy can bring out results. Demotivating young users, identifying chronic consumers, maintaining vigil against steroid use for performance enhancement, and monitoring the use of other drugs such as Marijuana, Methamphetamin e, Amphetamine, pain relievers like OxyContin have been the features of the broad spectrum strategy of drugs control. Basically these will fall under the key elements of the above said prevention of drug use before its commencement by the potential users, intervention and healing of the people already on drugs, and disruption of the market for illegal drugs with the sole aim of reducing drugs consumption in the

Suitably qualified staff Essay Example for Free

Suitably qualified staff Essay Staffing to meet changing business demands Suitably qualified staff may be recruited or trained within the organisation to have the right level of skills when they first join the business. At XMA computers, they need to have enough staff to meet demand but not too many as they would be wasting money on their wages. They also need to pay for staff training and sick pay. During the holidays, such as Christmas, XMA need to hire more staff as retailers will want to buy more products for the sale season. Coordination of team resources to meet targets As well as making sure that individual employees are managed within the organisation, it is essential that resources are used effectively within terms to meet company targets that are set. At XMA all employees need to work together to make the business successful. The people receiving and sending out calls need to have good teamwork skills to work with those who organise and dispatch the orders. This helps the business become successful in taking and delivering orders on time. Monitoring of team performance Coordinating a team is likely to mean that a company knows what employees should be doing to work towards their targets; but it is also essential to monitor the teams performance to make sure that they are actually making progress.XMA need to keep track of employees progress and they have many ways of doing this. They mainly do it through appraisals. An appraisal is a meeting between an employee and his/her line manager. During this meeting they talk about the employees progress throughout their working time. This review can be done in two different ways: Formal and Informal. Liaison with other departments Large organisations may have hundreds of different teams working across the organisation and unless each is able to work with other departments and coordinate as a whole organisation there will be conflict or unsatisfactory performance. XMA need all their teams to work together so that the business is run smoothly without any problems. If the teams do not work together than the business may not be successful and details may be wrong. Establishment of professional culture Part of the management of human resources concerns teaching employees about how the business operates its professional culture; for example the level of formality it uses and the way that managers and staff deal with each other. XMA need to teach all employees about the way their business operates. Many employees call fellow colleagues by their first name but in some companies they prefer to be addressed by a title e.g. Mr, Mrs., Dr. Provision of appropriate incentives To manage human resources effectively managers may decide to use incentives to encourage employees to work harder or to produce work of a higher quality. At XMA, employees are given extra-pay if they can hit their daily phone targets or get higher. E.g. If an employee is given a target of 50 orders, and they get 70 orders, they may get and extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 for their work. Encouragement of creativity and initiative Businesses that are able to change quickly and can be adaptable to customer needs are more likely to be successful. XMA need to be able to do this in order to be the number 1 distributor company in the UK. As they also have a website, they have international orders which will get them more profit.

Organ Donation Essay -- essays research papers

How do you feel when you have to wait for something you really, really want?.............What if it was something you couldn’t live without?..........My cousin was five years old when he found out he needed a new kidney. He went on the organ waiting list right away. He was called twice during a six month span that they had a kidney wasn’t a good match. He had to wait again. The third time was a charm. A small adult was in an accident and his kidney was a good match. This story had a happy ending, but so many do not. One of the people on the waiting list for an organ transplant might be someone you know. Today I’d like to tell you about first, the need for organ donors in our area, second, how you can become an organ donor after you die, and finally, how your family and organ donor recipients benefit from your donation. People around the world, but also right here in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Illinois, need organ transplants, and they need our help. The problem is that there is a lack of organ donors who make organ transplantation possible. The need is many organs and tissues such as the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, corneas, bone, skin, heart valves, and blood vessels. In spring 2004 the Official U.S. Government web site for organ donation states that, â€Å"A new name is added to the national waiting list every 16 minutes.† That means that 3 people will be added to the list during the time we are in class today. The problem is that 10 people will die each day waiting fo...

Correlation Between Student S Grades and-Social Networks Essay

Abstract Social networking sites (SNS) have created a new social dimension where individuals can develop increased levels of their social awareness and getting information in many more aspects of everyday lives. SNS help people to enhance their knowledge, which is very beneficial especially for students. However, some argue the use of SNS also entails negative effects that overrule the gains. This may be reflected on students’ grades. The main objective of this research is to analyse the relationship between student’s academic performance and use of SNS. The research was conducted through the use of online questionnaires. Excel and SPSS software were used to analyse the data collected. Findings from this study showed that there is a weak, negative relationship between these two variables. Chapter 1: Introduction There is no doubt that the global revolution of SNS has brought great changes to many aspects of everyday life. People use them to keep in touch with distant friends and relatives or to make new social and professional acquaintances. Whatever the reason behind this increased use, SNS have for many become a way of life. Especially for young people, SNS are the most innovative tools that enable them not only to contact other individuals, but most importantly to create a positive ‘self-image’ (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). At the same time, however, there is an increasing concern about the threats arising from the excessive use of SNS. Although there is prior research on how SNS affect people’s relationships, the literature on how they affect students’ academic performance is still in its infancy. The main objective of this research is to fill this gap in literature and examine how the use of SNS affects academic performance. Paper Structure This paper commences with a short review of prior literature on the topic where some information about the various SNS will be given. It will then continue to Chapter 3 where the methodology followed to approach the objective and gather the necessary data will be explained. Chapter 4 follows, where the collected data will be analysed using statistical analysis tests and findings will be reported. The paper will then finalise with some conclusions and recommendations given in Chapter 5. Chapter 2: Literature Review The section of literature review has a purpose to put this study into context with previous research on SNS providing some examples of such sites and students use of SNS. Finally, prior research on the relationship of SNS and academic performance will be examined. Definition and Examples of SNS Social networking sites have been defined as â€Å"an online community of Internet users who want to communicate with other users about areas of mutual interest† (William, 2009). Globally there are many SNS, but the most popular ones are the Facebook, Twitter, Google+ and LinkedIn. Facebook is the most widely used SNS with currently more than 1.2 billion users. It was created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, with the initial intention for students in a certain college to keep in touch with each other. According to recent statistics, the average time a user spends on Facebook per month is 15 hours and 33 minutes. Twitter is a real-time communication platform where users are able to interact and build relationships with their network of contacts by posting and receiving messages. It started in 2006 as an experiment of short online announcements and it now has more than 555 million users. Google+ is a social networking platform created by the search engine giant, Google, in an attempt to outperform Facebook. It was launched in 2011 and it currently has around 500 million users. Google+ enables targeted sharing of information within certain subgroups of users’ contacts and the viewing, managing and editing of multimedia. LinkedIn is the professional social network launched in 2003. People join this network mainly to make professional connections and use them to build a career. Companies that are in search of qualified employees and job-hunters also use LinkedIn. The profile created by users is like a resume but with the option to include extensive information in each field. Use of SNS Statistics reveal that 98% of people aged between 18-24 are using some form of SNS. Apart from socialising and staying in touch with friends, people in those ages use SNS for a variety of other reasons. As in the age of 18 most people are going to be in higher education, there is evidence showing that students use those sites to research colleges and assist their decision on where to enrol (Tisley, 2012). They also use them during their university life to enable their communication with other students or even staff. According to Oradini and Saunders (2007), students can use SNS to initiate a discussion and decide what information they would like to share and with whom. Many universities have recently recognised this increased use of SNS and their ability to act as a platform of online learning and have therefore taken steps to incorporate them into their strategy. SNS and Academic Performance The term academic performance is used to measure the ‘success’ of a student in terms of their achievements and their ability to meet certain standards defined by the institution they are attending. Reference? It can be assumed that by having access to the latest information available, either through visiting companies’ and broadcasting profiles or through the exchange of useful information, students increase their awareness towards a better achievement of results. However, there is a contradiction of views relating to the use of SNS and their effect on students’ grades. While some studies show that there is no link between SNS and academic performance (Truong, 2010) others provide evidence that there is an adverse effect of SNS on students’ grades mainly due to the fact that too much time is spent on them, leaving limited time for studying. Chapter 3: Research Methodology In this chapter, a methodology for collecting the necessary information for the research will be defined. This will include a description of the method for collecting information and an explanation of why the methods chosen were the most suitable, providing reliability to the report. Research Approach Selecting the right research approach is fundamental in order to answer the questions that were presented successfully. In this study, the researchers carried out scientific research and aimed to develop a hypothesis, which was then tested and examined to establish a theory. Therefore, a deductive research approach was considered to be most suitable (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). According to Robson (2002), the researchers had to deduct hypotheses from theory and then express them in operational terms, proposing a relationship between two variables. The objectives this research had led to the following hypothesis: Hypothesis: There is a relationship between the use of SNS and students’ academic performance. Therefore the Null Hypothesis is: There is no relationship between the use of SNS and students’ academic performance. This hypothesis was chosen as prior literature focused exclusively on the effect of the use of Facebook on academic performance and not the use of SNS in general. Time horizon This research is cross-sectional study, as the data collection methods were designed to â€Å"gather data at a particular point in time with the intention of describing the nature of existing conditions† (Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 1994). This approach was a suitable method to use given the limited time that was available to undertake the research. Data collection Methods The research was conducted through the use of online questionnaires. They were distributed to students via email from December 2012 to January 2013, a research period that is â€Å"distinct and discrete phase of the investigation† (Johnson, 2004). Respondents were informed that all material they provided would remain confidential while anonymity was promised. A briefing statement (See Appendix I) informed participants as to the purpose of the research and the extent of confidentiality. The full list of questions can be found in Appendix II. Data analysis methods Quantitative data was analysed using the SPSS analysis software, where correlation was used to examine the existence of a relationship between the variables and regression analysis to assess the strength of those relationships. In order to carry out regression statistics, it was essential to distinguish the factors between the dependent variable (y) and the independent variables (x). Since the purpose of this analysis was to discover the extent to which academic performance is dependent on changes in the variables investigated, academic performance was identified as the dependent variable while hours spent on homework, social networking sites, playing games and surfing on the internet were defined as the independent variables. It should be noted here that academic performance is defined using the latest available grades of the participants. This led to the following model being developed: Academic Performance = b0 + b1Hours spent studying + b2Hours spent on social networks +b3Hours spent on other activities The data was analysed by bivariate correlation and linear regression. Once this technique was completed, each variable was analysed explicitly in order to assess individual relationships and test the hypothesis by stressing the most noteworthy relationship between independent and dependent variable. Validity & Reliability In order for the research to be useful, actions had to be taken to safeguard the validity and reliability of results. According to Joppe (2000), the extent to which results are reliable depends on how consistent they are over time and whether identical results can be acquired if the investigation is repeated. Validity is concerned with whether the findings are what they appear to be and whether a relationship between two variables is merely a coincidence. There are many threats to reliability and validity. The subject error and participant bias are threats to reliability (Saunders et al., 2009) that can be tackled by carefully selecting the right research population. Mortality is a threat to validity, since it would result to a very small sample size that would be unable to determine whether relationships between variables were simply casual. In enhancing the validity and reliability, the research was conducted at the University of Southampton and the questionnaires were handed both to undergraduate and postgraduate students in various programs. Also, a pilot questionnaire was conducted with 10 students to complete that provided feedback. Chapter 4: Results & Analysis The purpose of this section is to present the findings of this study, which will be critically evaluated to identify their reliability. Implications will be acknowledged. Descriptive Statistics In total 303 responses were collected by students of the University of Southampton. Out of the total number of participants, 8 abandoned the survey without saving it so only 275 responses were used. The demographics of the sample are summarized in the figures below. The sample consisted of 149 males and 126 females (See Figure 1) and most participants (n= 193) aged between 21-24 (See Figure 2). Figure [ 1 ] – Participants’ Gender Figure [ 2 ] – Participants Age Out of the total sample, only 5 participants were not part of a SNS where as the rest 270 participants had a profile on either one or multiple SNS. Out of those who were part of an SNS, the majority of participants (n= 273) had a profile on Facebook (See Figure 3). Also, most of the participants (n=234) have been using SNS for more than 3 years (See Figure 4). Figure 3 – Number of Participants; profiles on SNS Figure 4 – Time period participants use SNS When asked about the reasons participants use SNS, many corresponded to keep in touch with their family and friends (n=108) whereas a significant amount of them (n=70) replied to keep updated on current affairs (See Figure 5). Figure 5 – Reasons for using SNS In relation to the academic performance of participants, most of them (n=76) study between 1-4 hours (See Figure 6) with 50 of them managing to get grades between 70-100 (See Figure 7). The average grade the participants received is 68. Figure 6 – Participants’ Time allocation on an Average Day Figure 7 – Participants’ Grades Data Analysis It is now necessary to relate these findings back to the initial hypothesis. We use correlation analysis in order to examine the relationship between two variables. Pearson’s r statistic is the one, which will determine if there is any relationship between our variables. As it can be seen from the table above, the Pearson’s r for the correlation between the ‘Hours spent on doing homework’ and the ‘Hours spent using SNS’ is -0.117, which is relatively close to 0. This means that there is a negative relationship between those variables, indicated by the negative sign, and as the one variable increases in value, the second variable decreases in value. However, since this valued is very close to 0, this is a week relationship and it is unlikely that changes in one variable are correlated with changes in the other. Observing the Sig. (2-tailed) value we can determine the significance of the relationship. If that value is less or equal to 0.05, we can conclude that there is statistically significant correlation between the hours spent on homework and the social network use. Here the value (0.052) is extremely close to the benchmark so the relationship is statistically significant.

The Representation of Masculinity in George Eliot’s ‘Silas Marner’

Silas Marner, A Tale of Two Cities. Essay subject: Silas Marner and maleness 1. – Introduction. This essay is about the building and representation of Silas’s maleness ( including some inquiries proposed in the essay subjects on the practical campus that I found interesting ) . I saw things that can do him look more like a adult female but it is non necessary or required to understand this affair in this manner ; I wanted to happen his good-will non as a failing or a adult female issue but as strong manner of demoing tenderness, because I think there is nil stronger that absolute tenderness and nil more stamp that true strength and I see Silas as a really strong individual – composure but strong. The chief subjects here are his isolation, the gender issue, and eventually how feasible or non-viable his manhood is. In the decision I have included some facets more related to Silas’s life. 2. – Silas’s isolation. About his household, it is merely mentioned in the book that he had a female parent and a small sister, both of them named Hepziba, but his sister was called Eppie, which is why he chooses this name for his adoptive girl. His period of isolation starts in Raveloe when he sends their neighbors off with a turning annoyance ( It started when he helped Sally Oats and after that he became person like the official herbal physician of the vicinity ) . From this minute on he spends his yearss working 16 hours a twenty-four hours and contemplating his gold every dark. He is like a anchorite merely concentrated on gaining money. It wasn’t ever like this. At first when he lived in Lantern Yard he was a sociable adult male who interacted with society, he lived a normal life, and was engaged to get married a adult female named Sarah. He besides had a friend, William Dane, and so both of them betrayed him. But at the minute he is an entity separated from the community, – self-sufficient. 3. – Silas in gender footings. What’s incorrect with Silas before the loss of his gold? This point has a connexion with Silas’s isolation as discussed in the old subdivision. He is considered an castaway by the community: at foremost he is described like a â€Å"spider† or a â€Å"spinning-insect† . This has no relationship with the issue of maleness but instead with the issue of humanity: through this description he is portrayed more as an insect than as a adult male, – this is a manner of dehumanising him. When he loses his gold he is obligated to travel and pass on it to the governments. At first, when he arrived, people thought he was a shade, is of import to advert that Silas’s visual aspect is a spot unusual, he shows a physical impairment, he has marks of aging and unwellness, and he is described as an old adult male. And as I commented antecedently, he was an stray anchorite obsessed with his gold, look up toing it every dark, and his universe is reduced to his work and his coins. This is the debatable that is established befor e the loss of his gold. – Why non allow him weave and bask his money until he’s excessively old to maintain on weaving? – Why pull this out for so long? In my sentiment, the thought I get from the book is that Silas earned more money on Raveloe than in Lantern Yard ( where he has to pay some money to the church ) and he saw this fact, after which began his compulsion and he lived like this for 16 old ages. And he could hold lived on this manner until his decease but when Eppie came to his place it brought about a alteration in his whole life. I think he draws it out because work and money becomes the Centre of his life ; he lives merely for work and to look up to his gold. 4. – Silas’s maleness in a feasible manner. – Is this one sort of maleness or maleness in general? I think this is one sort of maleness because non all work forces have a state of affairs like Silas’s. Other male characters like the Cass brothers have a masculine function and are seen more like a work forces than Silas is. I see this as a feasible manner because I believe that Silas is wholly masculine even if there are things that show him with a deficiency of manhood. I’ll start with the â€Å"negative† points against his maleness. Get downing with his business, it was established that whirling and weaving had a gender division and that it was a female undertaking, in this point, I don’t think that this occupation defines his maleness, – he is a adult male and here the lone of import thing is that he has an business and he is working to back up himself. In add-on, Silas’s behavior is interesting on a mental degree. I see his capacity for self-denial a masculine accomplishment excessively ; it is a feature of a great adult male. For illustration, when William and Sarah betrayed him, he knew it and acted softly and did nil ; merely travel on with his life. Another manner of demoing self-denial is in his isolation, and his high grade of reason. He has been injured, accused of robbery, abandoned by his fiancee, rejected by the community merely because he did non desire to be an ONG and after that he has the reason to do a determination. After that it is normal that he wishes to be entirely working and gaining money. And eventually, even if he is portrayed as an insect or a weak adult male, in an effort to decrease his maleness the capacity that he finds for being a male parent, a female parent and a defender of small Eppie is extremely admirable without inquiry. By holding adequate cognition for autonomy, to me he is a unafraid adult male who knows what he wants and merely acquires and achieves it. In add-on I’d like to state that doing his place more comfy for the kid, adorning it, – a â€Å"nest† for her- , is the sweetness manner in which a adult male can demo how capable of being stamp is. Fixing his place for Eppie’s demands is something to be expected from a really masculine adult male. In his ain manner, he did what every adult male must make: work, back up a family, have a household and protect his household ( harmonizing to this nineteenth-century period, – presents it is different, as adult females can make this alone excessively ) . And he did it ; h e is wholly a adult male. 5. – Decision. We have seen Silas’s journey, – non a physical journey, but throughout his life. At first he has a normal life, he subsequently becomes an castaway obsessed with gold and after Eppie’s reaching he undergoes a sort of societal rehabilitation into an ordinary member of the community. After run intoing the kid he wholly changes his function inside the vicinity, every topographic point or place he visits for work he must sit and speak with people about the kid. Through her his life alterations and he becomes another adult male. We see his domestic, societal and paternal side and how he achieves the function of maleness in the 19th century ; non precisely as it was imposed, but by in his ain manner. Through the acceptance of the kid we see Silas carry throughing both – a male and female function, because he is wholly devoted to the small miss, and how he passes from a wholly stray life to happening significance in all the things around him. In Eppie he finds a ground to populate, a household that was denied him ( his female parent and small sister died, and we do non cognize about his male parent ) , the comfort of being love unfeignedly by person, of being needed, and of being a male parent, and there is no minute, in my sentiment, where his maleness could be misunderstood. We can besides see, through the acceptance the morality and duty that Silas is prepared to presume paternity, which is excessively a masculine feature, it is necessary to stress that the responsibilities that Silas accepts are those that Godfrey Cass, Eppie’s biological male parent has no morality or duty to presume. Throughout the book there is no minute when I feel Silas is non accomplishing the function of a adult male. I merely felt esteem even if didn’t have obvious masculine features such as physical visual aspect of a strong and wealth adult male like Godfrey Cass. Even when he grows old he still has this powerful visual aspect that Silas, in contrast does non. Godfrey does non hold to work because he was inherited from his male parent and Silas worked as an independent adult male. This was a paradigm of industrial manhood and a new ideal for work forces. To complete, another point that I found interesting is that Silas didn’t want to accomplish the ideals of the perfect adult male harmonizing to society but he ended up making so, though his virtuous nature, his generous bosom, his bravery. By following the kid he was non merely taking on a duty but he was taking on the duty of another adult male. Bibliography.Silas Marner, A Tale of Two Cities. George Eliot.Silas Marner in Wikipedia the free encyclopedia.Silas Marner survey usher and literature.Virtual Campus.Class hand-outs.

Black Death

A common misconception held by many is that there was only one single outbreak of Black Death. Unfortunately, the worst effect Black Death had was its capability of reoccurring again, and again, and again. In some cases it was able to spread through out all of Europe. Yet, the first outbreak of Black Death was the widest spread and the most devastating of them all. In late October of 1347 the Genoese fleet entered the harbor of Messina. All crew men were either dead or on the verge of death. The sickness was clinging to their very bones(Gottfried1). Upon arrival at Messina Harbor the Harbor Master enforced a strict quarantine on the crew, fearing anyone who only spoke to them would be seized by a mortal illness and in no manor could evade death. The infection would spread to everyone who had any contact with the diseased (Knox4). This was one of the first accounts of the plague. Unbeknownst to many at the time, human to human contact was not the primary factor aiding the spread of the plague. Fleas and rats were. In as little as six months of the fleets arrival in the harbor half of the surrounding population had either died or fled from the plague. This outbreak was one of thousands of what present day cultural has come to know as Black Death. The original origin of Black Death is not known. In the late 1320s Black Death appeared in the Gobi Desert. Yet the virus causing the disease was alive long before then . The spread of the plague and its approach to Europe can be tracked along the lower Volga river in 1345. It then traveled into The Caucasus by 1346, reaching Constatinople by 1347. By the year 1348 thousands of people a day were dying in Alexandria. What exactly is a plague? Websters dictionary defines a plague as any deadly epidemic or disease. Yet, there are three varieties of plague: pneumonic, seoticaemic and, bubonic. The Black Death is class...

Prison term policy Essays

Prison term policy Essays Prison term policy Essay Prison term policy Essay Prison Term Policy Recommendation Proposal September 9, 2013 Armed robbery is a serious crime that can put many people in harms way. Whether a person is robbing a place of business or an individual, they are committing a crime against society and robbing people of their sense of safety and security. When someone chooses to bring a weapon while they are committing a crime, their intentions are to intimidate and control their victims, or to injure them. Policymakers continuously work on bills that try to deter people from committing rimes and reduce the recidivism rate of offenders. When a person decides to commit a crime such as armed robbery, there is a level of free will involved. Most of the time a person is not forced into committing a robbery, but chooses to be involved with the incentive of financial gain. There are many people in society that struggle to make ends meet and work tirelessly to provide for their families. There are choices to be made when people find themselves in these situations. Right and wrong are inherent in the nature of things. (University of Phoenix, (201 1), p. 1). Armed robbery would fit in the category of being considered wrong, no matter what the circumstances involved are. (University of Phoenix, (2011)). The part of this type of crime that may not be associated with free will, is the rationale behind it or ability to make rational choices. Sometimes a person chooses to commit a crime early on in t heir life and studies have shown that the part of a young persons brain that controls impulsively, has not yet had a chance to fully develop. Yet criminologist psychological search shows that, Problem children are likely to become problem should be given special consideration during their process of facing the Juvenile justice system. There is no clear cut answer that has proven to be successful in regards to young offenders. The questions remain: Is it better to give them a shorter length sentence to give them the opportunity to rehabilitate as they become young adults? Or, due to research that shows they are more likely to commit crimes as adults, Is it a better option to keep them in institutes for a longer period of time to rotten the general public? This factor, along with many other contributing factors, is taken into account by the Judge while they are determining the sentencing of individuals. A bill that will be presented to the state legislature asks that the maximum prison term for anyone convicted of armed robbery be doubled. As a criminologist advisor, my recommendation would be to vote for this bill that is being considered. I have considered that pros and cons of the bill and feel that the positive affects of the bill outweigh the negative. Publicizing the punishment involved in a rime such as armed robbery, may deter people from being involved in this type of violent act. Increasing the maximum sentence for violent, weapon involved crimes can keep citizens that choose to follow the law safe from people who choose not to. There have been numerous theories developed on why people choose to break the law, but the bottom line is that they do and they must face the consequences for their decisions. The psychological elements that play a role in why a person decides to commit a crime are important in the area of deterrence. Adding mandatory years o the sentence for committing a crime such as armed robbery, may be a positive attribute to the prevention of future crimes of this kind. Psychologically, a person considering a life of crime might be convinced not to if they understand the extensive punishment they face if they do. (Schmeltzer, (2012), p. 143). Being involved with Community-based programs is sometimes part of the sentence imposed by a Judge. Many times these types of programs involve intensive therapy, Job-skill training and substance abuse counseling. These are positive options that may be encouraging ND helpful to offenders who most likely need assistance in one or all of these areas. If there was a way to incorporate these services into the institutions that inmates were serving their sentence in, this would be ideal. Punishment for crimes committed is a necessary part of the checks and balances process but adding services that can assist offenders in becoming productive members of society one day, is helpful. As a criminologist advisor, I do believe that the bill doubling the maximum prison term for anyone convicted of armed robbery should be supported.

ANOTHER GREAT CUSTOM ESSAY FOR YOU

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Estoppel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Estoppel - Essay Example If the other party makes a decision based on the untruthful second statement and a lawsuit ensues, they can claim an estoppel in court against the plaintiff. In order for the estoppel to be considered valid, however, the defendant needs to demonstrate damages stemming from the untruthful statement. For example, if a landlord tells a tenant that he or she only owes half of the monthly rent because of repairs, the tenant can reasonably treat that as a statement of fact. He or she may write a check for half of the normal monthly rent and assume he or she is in good standing. If the landlord later decides to sue the tenant for not paying the entire amount of the lease, the tenant may claim an estoppel in court. The landlord's verbal agreement to accept half payment should have been recognized as binding, even if the original lease was not changed. The tenant had a reasonable right to change his rent payments based on a perceived truth. An estoppel is generally a defensive move, not a first strike. The plaintiff in a case can claim a number of reasons why the defendant should honour a contract or pay damages, for example. The defence must demonstrate that the plaintiff's own statements go against established facts in order to claim an estoppel. There must also be evidence that the defendant based his actions strictly on the reliance of truth and that he suffered damages because of it. Enforcement of an estoppel is generally left up to the discretion of the individual judge hearing the case. TYPES OF ESTOPPEL Equitable estoppel A type of estoppel that bars a person from adopting a position in court those contradict his or her past statements or actions when that contradictory stance would be unfair to another person who relied on the original position. For example, if a landlord agrees to allow a tenant to pay the rent ten days late for six months, it would be unfair to allow the landlord to bring a court action in the fourth month to evict the tenant for being a week late with the rent. The landlord would be estopped from asserting his right to evict the tenant for late payment of rent. Estoppel by deed A type of estoppel that prevents a person from denying the truth of anything that he or she stated in a deed, especially regarding who has valid ownership of the property. For example, someone who grants a deed to real estate before he actually owns the property can't later go back and undo the sale for that reason if, say, the new owner strikes oil in the backyard. Estoppel by silence A type of estoppel that prevents a person from asserting something when she had both the duty and the opportunity to speak up earlier, and her silence put another person at a disadvantage. For example, Edwards' Roofing Company has the wrong address and begins ripping the roof from Betty's house by mistake. If Betty sees this but remains silent, she cannot wait until the new roof is installed and then refuse to pay, asserting that the work was done without her agreement. Promissory estoppel A type of estoppel that prevents a person who made a promise from reneging when someone else has reasonably relied on the promise and will suffer a loss if the promise is broken. For example, Forrest tells Antonio to go ahead and buy a boat without a motor, because he will sell Antonio an old boat motor at a very reasonable price. If Antonio relies on Forrest's

The nature of the Kingdom which described in the Gospel of Thomas Term Paper

The nature of the Kingdom which described in the Gospel of Thomas - Term Paper Example The quotations on the Kingdom of Heaven, in particular, have been a focal point of discussion and argument as to what exactly the author of the text intended, especially in reference to its nature and how exactly one attains it. This paper analyses this Gospel’s allusions to the Kingdom of Heaven and what it entails with regard to the historical, cultural, social and political atmosphere of the time in which the Gospel was written. Discussion The strongest approach for interpretation of the Gospel of Thomas seems to be the Gnostic approach, with several factors lending credence to this theory. The scriptures seem to indicate that the main characteristic of the Kingdom of Heaven is that it is within us, and all that is required of us is inward reflection and self-knowledge. The emphasis on knowledge is a major selling point for this argument, with the word Gnosis itself being Greek for knowledge. Gnostics held the belief that the realization of knowledge was the path to salvati on and deliverance. In what can be viewed as Gnostic tradition, the scriptures are viewed as holding a secret meaning, and only those who attain a deeper understanding have the truth revealed to them and are finally worthy of entering the kingdom (Valantasis, p 79). This attitude of secrecy and mystery is visible from the very first line in which the author states; â€Å"These are the secret sayings that the living Jesus spoke and Didymos Judas Thomas recorded†. Gnosticism encouraged mysticism and regarded deep thinking and meditation on texts as important to the path of eventual revelation, a sign that one was worthy of the rewards from the higher powers (Wylen, p 239). One interpretation of these texts could argue strongly for the case that the reigning Gnostic attitude at the time influenced the writer to use the veiled references, parables and allegories so as to motivate the reader into attempting to perceive more than just the written text. Examples of this approach can be seen in the verses quoted below: â€Å"Jesus said, "If your leaders say to you, 'Look, the (Father's) kingdom is in the sky,' then the birds of the sky will precede you. If they say to you, 'It is in the sea,' then the fish will precede you. Rather, the kingdom is within you and it is outside you.†(v.3). This verse encourages reflection and introspection, a look at what is inside us and directly outside us so as to discover the kingdom. It discourages the reader from taking others’ opinions, especially leaders, as to what to do to enter the kingdom. This opinion could derive from the fact that there were many preachers at the time who all claimed to hold the one true key to salvation, each suggesting different paths to attain said salvation. It could also appeal to the rational, philosophizing movement at the time that argued for reason and rationale to prevail over emotions and blind following. â€Å"Simon Peter said to them, "Make Mary leave us, for females don' t deserve life." Jesus said, "Look, I will guide her to make her male, so that she too may become a living spirit resembling you males. For every female who makes herself male will enter the kingdom of Heaven." (v.114). This verse is especially enlightening as to the times in which the Gospel was authored and the socio-cultural context thereof. The commonly held view then was

Film Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Making - Essay Example The popularity of the movement spread across the continent to discover the most unlikely host in the United States of America (Marie & Newpert, 2003, pp.1-7). The movement found ample support from the Czech Republic as well. This incredible film movement broke the barriers created by main stream commercial movies as well as transformed the darkish orthodox believes which had been carried over through the dark ages of feudalism, medievalism, & ecclesiasticism. Paris was perhaps the darkest city during the history of the Second World War. The German censorship on films & theatres meant that the French citizens could not get a taste of global cinema in any form what so ever. Barring a few exceptional directors like Jean Renoir & Rene Clair, the French audience had to quench their artistic aspirations by witnessing below par domestic films. For the younger generation of people like Eric Rohmer & Alain Resnais, this dearth in film shipment equaled to a hover cast of brutal fascist ideolog y. This taboo & restriction later turned out to be the source of inspiration for the new wave film makers. To this younger age band born around 1925-30, which would later consist of most of the directors of the new wave, films happened to be the centre of their universe & a sanctuary secluded from the ruthless realities of the outer world. (Marie & Newpert, 2003, pp.7-15) The end of the war & the liberation of France brought along an enormous desire for self expression, open interaction, & cooperation. Discussion of films became a part of the regular discourse. Film journals like the L’Ecran Francais, became an epicenter for great authors like Andre Bazin to familiarize their viewpoints & convey their unbridled panache for films. Bazin approached films as a true form of art, which deserved extensive scrutiny. His viewpoints often put him at loggerheads with the leftist writers who were hell bent on solely evaluating the political standpoints of a film (Marie & Newpert, 2003, pp.10-17). The pioneers, who vividly read film journals, now began to set up film clubs all over the French territory. Future stalwarts like Claude Chabrol, & Alain Resnais were precisely benefitted from these little film clubs. By witnessing hundreds of films they came face to face with art of film making. Eric Rohmer was another avid audience of the film clubs. He invited Rivette & Godard to join him & the trio began to write articles, journals, & discourses on world cinema. The most important film journal came out in 1951, & was named La Cahiers du Cinema, which was published by Andre Bazin & Jacques Doniol- Valcroze. Bazin was nothing less than a father figure to the young crop of film enthusiasts (Ostrowska, 2008, pp.126-138). Henri Langlois deeply believed that watching silent films was the best way to intermingle with the art of cinema. As an end result, the new wave directors had great faith in film makers like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and D.W. Griffith & Erich von St roheim (Ostrowska, 2008, pp.126-138). The Italian neo realistic movement also had a huge impact upon the outcome of the new wave movement. The young French aspirants were

Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique Essay

Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique - Essay Example are definitely designed towards the important need of allowing people the chances of development that they deserve for future personal progressions which in turn could help them reach their peak potentials as workers, as members of the society and as satisfied individuals. 2 Myers Briggs Type Indicator is among the most popular personality assessment instrument there is. Basically developed to be used by administrators of several institutions, this particular personality indicator is perceived to have one of the most effective approaches in assessing human personalities and bringing in conclusions that are worthwhile enough to be applied for evaluating and improving the personalities of people to allow them to realize their full potential as individuals that are aiming towards developmental progression in their own fields of expertise. 3 In the paragraphs that follow, an understanding on the major issues and efficiency factors of the said personality evaluation tool so as to identify the capabilities of the entire medium in implicating change and realization upon the persons taking the chance to becoming better individuals in their own fields of concentration. The essential values that are present in the process of evaluating the individual capabilities of the examiners are rather considered as the necessary factors that make this particular individual assessment tool a source of knowledgeable understanding on the part of the efficiency of the assessment instrument mentioned herein.4 Discussing this particular matter shall be better clarified within the paragraphs that follow. The concept of human action is generally concluded by the aspect of the scientific facts to be significantly caused by the works of the mind of every individual. This idea is generally expressed in the saying â€Å"what the mind can perceive, the body can conceive.† Thus, to empirically understand and explain the actions and personality of each individual in the society, their mind and

Investigation of factors affecting the adoption of mobile shopping Essay

Investigation of factors affecting the adoption of mobile shopping (DBA, Dissertation) - Essay Example The chapter is organized into six sections. In section 2.2, the definition, enabling technologies and current development of mobile shopping is briefly reviewed. The Technology adoption theories and research on factors influencing online shopping and mobile shopping adoption of consumers are described and discussed in detail in section 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5. The gaps in the previous literature are identified in section 2.6. A preliminary conceptual model for this study is developed in section 2.7 with the associated hypotheses developed based on supporting literature to be further tested in the current research. Finally, conclusions are presented in section 2.8. 2.2 Overview of Mobile Shopping With the integration of web browser functionality in mobile telephones, the benefits of virtual storefronts have become inevitable for consumers. With the development of the mobile Internet since the use of 3G networks, despite its high expectations, mobile shopping has not received an extremely fav orable response from the market so far. Only those digital products like ring tones and mobile application are popular. The transaction activity of real products still failed to attract the customer's attention. 2.2.1 Definition There are different definitions of what is mobile shopping. The simplest definition of mobile shopping is the purchase of product at mobile site or portal through the mobile network. A more broaden the definition of mobile shopping is the usage of wireless Internet service for shopping and purchasing by the consumers through their cell phones (Ko et al. 2009). Varshney and Vetter (2002) classified cellular business applications in eleven categories, based on the mobile characteristics. The categories are wireless data centers, mobile inventory management, proactive services management, mobile entrainment and gaming services, wireless re-engineering, mobile offices, mobile public sale and reverse sale, mobile distance education, mobile advertising, mobile sho pping, and mobile financial applications. This classification is based on the traditional view that shopping is viewed as a multi stage process instead of the single payment action at the cashier counter. The buying cycle comprises the shopping approaches and policies of end users. This also explains the reason behind the searching objectives by means of the internet can be a precursor of e-shopping. It has been identified that end-users set criteria and action plans for shopping so that to execute composite shopping behaviors (Darden & Dorsch, 1990). As per Funk, â€Å"early mobile shopping was driven by sales in packaged music and videos and fashion, where the latter includes clothing, jewelry, cosmetics, accessories, furniture, and health-related products† (Funk, 2007). Improvements along mobile technologies accelerate the physical dependency over the virtual side. Nowadays, traditional retailers also think in a multichannel way because their customers are cross-channel. A s per dealers, current attractive, potential, advanced and congregated cellular products are diminishing the positions that split shopping channels. Mobile shopping is being integrated into the in-store shopping experience. Mobiles can be used not only to check product features including competitive offers, but also to take suggestions from friends to make a better and confident decision. Innovative retailers have been taking advantage of m-commerce to pledge the benefits of in-store and online store, with competencies including barcode scan for cellular analysis as well as for cost evaluation, along with in-store cellular vouchers (Westenberg anzd Bethlahmy, 2009). Cisco IBSG Connected Life Market Watch research illustrates, nearly seventy percent of users

World Wide Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World Wide Web - Essay Example In a distributed system, interconnections between the systems are in a client-server model. The client uses a web browser, which is the tool that provides universal access to the large collection of materials made available in the WWW and internet to connect with a server. The internet, the network of networks, has a network of connections between computers containing hypertext/hypermedia files or documents. Web documents contain information and are also linked to other related sources in the web. Another important reason for the use of WWW Browsers is that they have the capability to handle all other forms of internet protocols (Gopher, WAIS, FTP, Telnet etc.). The transferring of hypertext/hypermedia materials from web server to browser is based on certain network architectures. There are two types of computer network architectures used in Internet - The OSI Reference Model and the TCP/IP Reference Model. Each model has its own protocols. After the implementation of satellite and radio networks TCP/IP Reference Model became popular. The main ability of TCP/IP is to connect networks in a faultless manner. Different layers of TCP/IP Reference Model (Application layer, Transport layer, Network layer etc.) comprise different protocols, to control and coordinate the format of packets and messages that are exchanged among different computers within a layer. These protocols are used by the entities to implement service definitions. The application layer contains various purpose protocols as shown below: The Client or the web browser contacts a server through the establishment of connection to port 80 on the server’s machine. Each request from client consists of one or more lines of ASCII text. The first word on the first line is the method name. GET: The GET method is used to make a request to the server for send a page and this page is suitably encoded by MIME. Majority of requests from web browsers to web

Investigation of factors affecting the adoption of mobile shopping Essay

Investigation of factors affecting the adoption of mobile shopping (DBA, Dissertation) - Essay Example The chapter is organized into six sections. In section 2.2, the definition, enabling technologies and current development of mobile shopping is briefly reviewed. The Technology adoption theories and research on factors influencing online shopping and mobile shopping adoption of consumers are described and discussed in detail in section 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5. The gaps in the previous literature are identified in section 2.6. A preliminary conceptual model for this study is developed in section 2.7 with the associated hypotheses developed based on supporting literature to be further tested in the current research. Finally, conclusions are presented in section 2.8. 2.2 Overview of Mobile Shopping With the integration of web browser functionality in mobile telephones, the benefits of virtual storefronts have become inevitable for consumers. With the development of the mobile Internet since the use of 3G networks, despite its high expectations, mobile shopping has not received an extremely fav orable response from the market so far. Only those digital products like ring tones and mobile application are popular. The transaction activity of real products still failed to attract the customer's attention. 2.2.1 Definition There are different definitions of what is mobile shopping. The simplest definition of mobile shopping is the purchase of product at mobile site or portal through the mobile network. A more broaden the definition of mobile shopping is the usage of wireless Internet service for shopping and purchasing by the consumers through their cell phones (Ko et al. 2009). Varshney and Vetter (2002) classified cellular business applications in eleven categories, based on the mobile characteristics. The categories are wireless data centers, mobile inventory management, proactive services management, mobile entrainment and gaming services, wireless re-engineering, mobile offices, mobile public sale and reverse sale, mobile distance education, mobile advertising, mobile sho pping, and mobile financial applications. This classification is based on the traditional view that shopping is viewed as a multi stage process instead of the single payment action at the cashier counter. The buying cycle comprises the shopping approaches and policies of end users. This also explains the reason behind the searching objectives by means of the internet can be a precursor of e-shopping. It has been identified that end-users set criteria and action plans for shopping so that to execute composite shopping behaviors (Darden & Dorsch, 1990). As per Funk, â€Å"early mobile shopping was driven by sales in packaged music and videos and fashion, where the latter includes clothing, jewelry, cosmetics, accessories, furniture, and health-related products† (Funk, 2007). Improvements along mobile technologies accelerate the physical dependency over the virtual side. Nowadays, traditional retailers also think in a multichannel way because their customers are cross-channel. A s per dealers, current attractive, potential, advanced and congregated cellular products are diminishing the positions that split shopping channels. Mobile shopping is being integrated into the in-store shopping experience. Mobiles can be used not only to check product features including competitive offers, but also to take suggestions from friends to make a better and confident decision. Innovative retailers have been taking advantage of m-commerce to pledge the benefits of in-store and online store, with competencies including barcode scan for cellular analysis as well as for cost evaluation, along with in-store cellular vouchers (Westenberg anzd Bethlahmy, 2009). Cisco IBSG Connected Life Market Watch research illustrates, nearly seventy percent of users

The Role of HR in Health Care Settings Term Paper

The Role of HR in Health Care Settings - Term Paper Example A description of how the perceptions were similar or different from the roles outlined in the learning resources is also covered. Subsequently, my experiences that may have influenced my perceptions are also outlined in this paper. Before delineating these issues, it is of importance to mention the different roles of HR and nurse managers. The HR is mandated with the role of negotiating the pay package, giving advice on rules and regulations pertaining to employment, organizing all aspects relating to recruitment of new employees, and giving recommendations when it comes to terminating employment. Nurse managers are the ultimate decision makers when recruiting and terminating new employees, perform sporadic appraisals of performance, gives constant trainings to employees, and also ensure a conducive and friendly working environment (Introduction to Healthcare Human Resources Management Program Transcript, 2002). My experience conducting the media survey was rather mystifying. This is attributed to my perceptions on the different roles of the nurse managers and the HR. Therefore, I got some of the questions on the media survey right and some wrong. To get all the survey questions right, one needs to have a clear comprehension of the different roles of nurse managers and HR before conducting the survey. This would help in doing away with personal opinions or perceptions regarding their divergent roles. My initial perception was that the roles of the two entities were entangled, meaning they do not differ as much. One of the assumption I had is that HR and nurse managers do not work together. Based on the results from the survey, it was clear that my perception was wrong . In fact, my perception was that HR does a lot more than I even knew with the nurse managers. According to Stewart, McGoldrick, and Watson (2002) the role of the HR is "To manage and co-ordinate

Translate WATSON’S THEORY OF HUMAN CARING AND SUBJECTIVE LIVING EXPERIENCES Essay Example for Free

Translate WATSON’S THEORY OF HUMAN CARING AND SUBJECTIVE LIVING EXPERIENCES Essay A TEORIA DO CUIDADO HUMANO DE WATSON E AS EXPERIÊNCIAS SUBJETIVAS DE VIDA: FATORES CARITATIVOS/CARITAS PROCESSES COMO UM GUIA DISCIPLINAR PARA A PRà TICA PROFISSIONAL DE ENFERMAGEM LA TEORà A DEL CUIDADO HUMANO DE WATSON Y LAS EXPERIENCIAS SUBJETIVAS DE VIDA: FACTORES CARITATIVOS/CARITAS PROCESSES COMO UNA GUà A DISCIPLINAR PARA LA PRà CTICA PROFESIONAL DE ENFERMERà A Jean Watson2 This manuscript draws upon a previous publication with modifications: Watson J. Carative factors, Caritas processes guide to professional nursing. Danish Clinical Nursing Journal. 2006; 20 (3): 21-7. 2 PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN. Distinguished Professor of Nursing Murchinson-Scoville Endowed Chair in Caring Science, in the University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, USA. Web: www.uchsc.edu/nursing/caring 1 KEYWORDS: Teoria de enfermagem. Prà ¡tica profissional. Cuidados de enfermagem. Enfermagem. ABSTRACT: This article provides an overview of Watson’s theory of Human Caring, the notion of Caritas and human phenomena. Special emphasis is placed upon the theoretical structure of human caring theory referred to as 10 Carative Factors/Caritas Processes and subjective living processes and experiences. These core conceptual aspects of the theory and human living processes are grounded within the philosophical and ethical foundation of  the body of my caring theory work. Together they serve as a guide for professional practice, as well as a disciplinary blueprint for the Science of Care. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Nur- RESUMO: Este artigo fornece uma visà £o geral da teoria de Cuidado Humano de Watson, a noà §Ãƒ £o de Caritas e sing theory. Professional practi- o fenà ´meno humano. Uma à ªnfase especial à © dada sobre os 10 Fatores Caritativos/Caritas Processes, os processos de viver humano e as experià ªncias subjetivas de vida que fazem parte da estrutura da teoria. Estes aspectos ce. Nursing care. Nursing. centrais dos conceitos da teoria e processos de viver sà £o desenvolvidos na fundamentaà §Ãƒ £o filosà ³fica e à ©tica do corpo da Teoria de Cuidado. Juntos, eles servem como um guia para a prà ¡tica profissional, bem como, um esquema disciplinar para a Cià ªncia do Cuidado. PALABRAS CLAVE: Teoria de enfermerà ­a. Prà ¡ctica profesional. Atencià ³n de enfermerà ­a. Enfermerà ­a. RESUMEN: El presente artà ­culo ofrece una visià ³n general sobre la teorà ­a del Cuidado Humano de Watson, la nocià ³n de Caritas y el fenà ³meno humano. En este estudio se da un à ©nfasis especial a los diez factores Caritativos/Caritas Processes, a los procesos del vivir humano y a las experiencias subjetivas de vida, los cuales forman parte de la estructura de la teorà ­a. Los aspectos centrales de los conceptos de la teorà ­a y los procesos del vivir son desarrollados en el fundamento filosà ³fico y à ©tico del cuerpo de la teorà ­a de Cuidado; todos esos aspectos juntos sirven como una guà ­a para la prà ¡ctica profesional, asà ­ como tambià ©n un esquema disciplinar para la Ciencia del Cuidado. Endereà §o: Jean Watson University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center 80262 Denver, Colorado, USA. Email: [emailprotected] Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Artigo original: Reflexà £o teà ³rica Recebido em: 15 de agosto de 2006. Aprovaà §Ãƒ £o final: 23 de fevereiro de 2007. 130 INTRODUCTION The origin of the original theory of human  caring was my first book − Nursing: the philosophy  and science of caring.1 This first work was published  before there was formal attention to nursing theory as  the disciplinary foundation for nursing science, education, and practice. The origin of the theory of human caring was  first work â€Å"emerged from my quest to bring new meaning and dignity to the world of nursing and patient care† and to the inner subjective life experiences of  self and other.2:49 It also served to provide an ethicalphilosophical foundation for the deeply human dimensions of nursing. The theoretical concepts were derived and  emerged from, my personal/professional experiences;  they were clinically inducted, empirically grounded and combined with my philosophical, intellectual, and experiential background. Thus, the early work emerged from my own values, beliefs, perceptions and experiences about rhetorical and ineffable questions, e.g. what does it mean to be human? What does it mean to care? What does it mean to heal? What does it mean to develop knowledge and practices about life phenomena and subjective human experiences? What is a living philosophical context for exploring nursing and life meaning in health and illness? Questions and views of personhood, life, death, change, health, healing, caring, wholeness, pain, suffering, and so on, were guiding my quest to identify a framework for nursing as a distinct entity, profession, discipline and science in its own right, separate from, but complementary to medicine. 1 My views were heightened by my commitment to the professional role and mission of nursing; its ethical covenant with society as sustaining human caring; in honoring the lived experience of self and other; in seeking to preserve humanity, even when threatened; attending to and helping to sustain human dignity, unity of oneness of being, to hold the other in their wholeness, even when they could not feel whole themselves. These are all activities which transcend illness, diagnosis, condition, setting,  and so on, and are enduring and timeless across time and space and changes in society and science.  Since then, the original work has expanded and evolved through a generation of other theory-based  books on caring that followed: â€Å"Nursing: human science and human care, a theoryofnursing†.Connecticut(USA):Appleton/Century/ Crofts. Reprinted/republished, New York (NY/USA): Watson J National League for Nursing; 1988. Reprinted/republished, Massachusetts (USA): Jones Bartlett; 1999.3 â€Å"Postmodern sursing and seyond†. Edinburgh (Scotland): Churchill-Livingstone. Reprinted/republished, Harcourt-Brace/Elsevier; 1999.4 â€Å"Caring science as sacred science†. Philadelphia (USA): FA Davis; 2005.5 The first book â€Å"Nursing: the philosophy andscience of caring†1 provided the original core and structure for the Theory of Human Caring: 10 Carative Factors. These factors were identified as the essential aspects of caring in nursing, without which perhaps nurses were not practicing professional nursing, but were functioning as technicians or skilled workers within the dominant framework of medical technocure science. The second book â€Å"Nursing: human science and human care, a theory of nursing†3 expanded upon the philosophical, transpersonal aspects of a caring moment as the core framework; this focus placed the ideas more explicitly within a broader context of ethics, art and even metaphysics-spiritual, as deeper living phenomena within which nursing dwells, but often does not name, nor articulate, nor act on. As it has been pointed out in postmodern discourse today; â€Å"if a profession does not have its own language it does not exist†, thus it is important to name, claim, articulate and act upon the phenomena of nursing and caring and the subjectively real living experiences of self and other; this focus for nursing and caring science is essential if nursing is to fulfill its mandate and raison d’à ªtre for existing in science and society. This work makes more explicit that if nursing is to survive into this millennium then it has to sustain and make explicit its covenant with the public which includes knowledge, values, ethics and skilled practices of caring, healing, health, and living phenomena of human experiences. Thethirdbookâ€Å"Postmodernnursingandbeyond†4 brought a focus to the professional paradigm which is grounded in ontology of relations and an ethical-ontological foundation before the conventional epistemology of science and technology. The need to clarify the ontological foundation of Being-in-Relation within a Caring paradigm; the unity of mindbodyspirit/field was the focus of this work, going beyond the outdated separatist ontology of modern, Era I medical industrial thinking. It is here in this book that the spiritual and evolved energetic aspects of caring consciousness and intentionality and human presence and personal evolution of the practitioner became more developed. This evolution was placed within the emerging post –modern Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences 131 cosmology of healing, wholeness, oneness which is an honoring of the unity of all, and the living experiences and life phenomena in which nursing dwells. My most recent theoretical book â€Å"Caring science as sacred science†5 was selected as an AJN Book of the Year Award (2006) in the category of research; it expands further upon the original work on caring, now placing Caring Science within an ethical-moralphilosophical − evolved scientific context, guided by the works of Emmanual Levinas (French)6 and Knud Logstrup (Danish). 7 This latest work seeks a science model that reintegrates metaphysics with the physical domain, and re-invites Ethics-of –Belonging, (to infinite field of Universal Cosmic Love) as before and underneath Being-by-Itself alone; this view is different, and separate from, the broader universal field of infinity, to which we all belong and return to from earth plane. This latest work brings a decidedly sacred dimension to the work of caring, making more explicit that living human experiences are a phenomena with spiritual and philosophical-ethical-moral dimensions; reminding us that we dwell in mystery. We dwell in mystery because we are working with the living processes, the life force, life energy, the soul if you will of another person. This focus makes more explicit that relational, existential-spiritual human caring dimensions and the deeply life processes, the deeper meaning of life are part of the inner healing journey we make with self and others on this earth plane passage; this happens when we are practicing within a caring-healing model. When we are conscious of an expanded cosmology and expanded deeper moral-ethical foundation as the nature of caring and human living processes, we have to arrive at a new understanding and humility. We are asked to acknowledge a need for wisdom, even to surrender, to that which is greater than Self, and the outer world controls, that often we think we have. With that background of my major books on Caring theory, Philosophy, and Caring Science the rest of this paper will explicate several of the conceptual aspects of the work; the core of the original work in context of its evolution; outlining the 10 Carative Factors (CF). DEVELOPMENT The Caritas Processes (CP) are juxtaposed against the original Carative Factors. The Caritas Processes are an extension of the other which have evolved; CP are intended to offer a more fluid language for understanding a deeper level of CF which capture the deeper dimensions of living processes of human experiences. The original terms and concepts of the Carative Factors needed to evolve as they seemed too set in the language of the earlier era, although still relevant. Nevertheless, in this article, I am using the two forms almost interchangeable. However, Caritas makes more explicit the connection between Caring and Love and human living processes. These aspects are more prominent in my last book on caring science.5 Some exemplars of how the work in used as a guide to transforming practices within the context of living processes are included in Box 1. Box 1 – 10 Carative factors and caritas processes. Original 10 Carative Factors, juxtaposed against the emerging Caritas Processes/ Carative Factors Caritas Processes 1. Humanistic –Altruistic Values. 1. Practicing Loving-kindness Equanimity for self and other. 2. Instilling/enabling Faith Hope. 2. Being authentically present to/enabling/sustaining/honoring deep belief system and subjective world of self/other. 3. Cultivation of Sensitivity to one’s self and other. 3. Cultivating of one’s own spiritual practices; deepening selfawareness, going beyond â€Å"ego self†. 4. Development of helping-trusting, human caring relationship. 4. Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship. 5. Promotion and acceptance of expression of positive and negative feelings. 5. Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for. 6. Systematic use of scientific (creative) problemsolving caring process. 6. Creatively using presence of self and all ways of knowing/ multiple ways of Being/doing as part of the caring process; engaging in artistry of caring-healing practices. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. 132 7. Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning. 8. Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, social, spiritual environment. 9. Assistance with gratification of human needs. 10. Allowance for existential-phenomenological spiritual dimensions. Watson J 7. Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experiences that attend to whole person, their meaning; attempting to stay within other’s frame of reference. 8. Creating healing environment at all levels (physical, nonphysical, subtle environment of energy and consciousness whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity and peace are potentiated. 9. Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional, caring consciousness of touching and working with embodied spirit of individual, honoring unity of Being; allowing for spiritual emergence. 10. Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious, unknown existential dimensions of life-death; attending to soul care for self and one- being- cared- for. These 10 original Carative Factors remain as the timeless structural core of the Theory, while allowing for their evolving and emergence into more fluid aspects of the model captured by the 10 Caritas Processes. In introducing the original concepts of Carative Factors as core for a nursing philosophy and science, I was offering a theoretical counterpoint to notion of Curative so dominant in medical science. Thus, the Carative Factors helped to define a framework to hold the discipline and profession  of nursing; they were informed by a deeper vision and ethical commitment to the human dimensions /living processes of caring in nursing; the art and human science context. I was seeking to  address those aspects of professional nursing that transcended medical diagnosis, disease, setting,  limited and changing knowledge and technology of specialized foci. What remains as core? 10 Carative Factors (embellished by philosophical-ethic and value of Caritas consciousness). In moving from the concept of Carative, to Caritas I was making an overt evocation of love and caring to merge for an expanded paradigm to connect with the existential-spiritual dimensions and living processes of human experiences. Such a perspective ironically places nursing in its most mature paradigm, while reconnecting with heritage and foundation of Nightingale which is the spiritual living processes of our humanity. With Caritas incorporated more explicitly into my work, it locates the theory within an ethical and ontological contact as starting point for considering not only its science, but its societal human caring mission. This direction makes a more formal connection between caring and healing and the evolved human consciousness of living subjective experiences and life phenomena. The background for this work is published on my website. See www. uchsc.edu/nursing/caring for more information.8 CONTEXT FOR CARATIVE/CARITAS PROCESSES The Carative Factors/Caritas Processes are not complete without acknowledging the worldview and philosophical context which holds the concepts. For example: a cosmology of oneness of  Being; phenomenal field which honors the subjective-intersubjective inner life world, transpersonal caring relationship, caring occasion and caring moment. These wider dimensions serve to remind that any nurse – patient encounter can be considered a caring occasion wherein a â€Å"caring moment† can be created and experienced, depending upon  the consciousness, intentionality, and philosophical (theoretical) orientation which is guiding the nurse.2 A caring moment transcends time and space and continues as part of larger complex pattern of  life of both nurse and patient. Narrative related to Ten Carative Factors1 Humanistic: altruistic system of values Caring is grounded on a set of universal humanistic altruistic values. Humanistic values include kindness, empathy, concern, and love for self and others. They derive from childhood experiences and are enhanced by beliefs, cultures and art. Altruistic values arise from commitments to and satisfaction from receiving through giving. They bring meaning to one’s life through one’s belief and relationships with other people. Humanistic-altruistic feelings and acts provide the basis of human Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences 133 caring and promote the best professional care, and as such, constitute the first and most basic factor for science and ethic of caring. Developing helping: trusting, caring relationship The human caring relationship is transpersonal. in that it connotes a special kind of relationship: a connection with the other person, a high regard for the whole person and their Being-in-the-world. In the transpersonal human caring relationship, the nurse enters into the experience of another person, and another can enter into the nurse’s experiences. It is an ideal of  intersubjectivity in which both persons are involved.  It is an art in which the nurse forms a union with the  other, connecting with the spirit-filled person, behind  the patient, that transcends the physical. This connection honors the upmost concern for human dignity and preservation of humanity. Enabling and sustaining faith and hope The history of medicine is replete with documentation of the importance of a person’s belief in faith and hope. For example, Hippocrates thought that an ill person’s mind and soul should be inspired before one’s illness was treated. IN many other examples, medicine itself was secondary to magic, incantations, spells, and prayers. In this Carative Factor, patient’s beliefs are encouraged, honored and respected as significant influences in promoting and maintaining health. Regardless of what scientific regimen is required for medical care of a person, the nurse should nurture faith and hope and the deep belief system of the one-being- cared for. Even when there is nothing left to do medically, the nurse nurtures a patient’s faith and hope in something or someone beyond his or her self. Sensitivity to self and other To be human is to feel. All too often people allow themselves to think their thoughts, but not feel their feelings. The only way to develop sensitivity to one’s self and to others is to recognize and feel one’s feelings. The development of self and the nurturing of judgment, taste, values, and sensitivity in human relationships evolve from emotional states. The development of feeling is encouraged by the humanities and compassionate life experiences. Sensitivity to self is the recognition and acknowledgement of feelings – painful as well as happy ones. It is cultivated by looking into oneself and a willingness to explore one’s own feelings. People who are not sensitive to and repress their own feelings may be unable to allow others to express and explore their feelings. Sensitivity to self not only leads to self-acceptance and psychological growth, but to sensitivity and acceptance of others. Nurses who are sensitive to others are better able to learn about another’s view of the world which, subsequently, increases concern for others’ comfort, recovery, and wellness. Nurses who recognize and use their sensitivity promote selfdevelopment and self-actualization, and are able to encourage the same growth in others. Without this factor nursing care would fall. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Promoting and accepting the expression of positive and negative feelings and emotions Because feelings after thoughts, behavior, and experiences, they need to need to be acknowledged and considered in the human caring process. A focus on feelings and the â€Å"non-rational† emotional aspects of an event is necessary for nurses engaged in the human caring process. The caring relationship can move to a deeper, more honest and authentic level if he nurse allows for this CF. Further, in listening to and honoring another person’s feelings we honor their story which holds meaning and importance for them and their healing. By listening to another person’s story, it may be the greatest healing act we can offer. It may be the nurse who is the only one who listens to and  honors another’s story and all the magnitude of  feelings that accompany it.  Engaging in creative, individualized, problemsolving caring process Professional nursing employs the nursing  process, which is a creative, problem-solving  method to assist with decision –making in all nursing situations. A creative approach acknowledges that nurses use all ways of know/being/doing in  engaging in clinical caring. Nursing problems solving in not a linear one to one process, but often the nurse walks into a patient’s room and grasps  the â€Å"gestalt’ – reading the field, in the instant. This process involves full use of self and all of one’s faculties, knowledge, instincts, intuition, aesthetics, technology, skills, empirics, ethics, personal and even spiritual knowing. In a caring science model for practice, all knowledge is valu- 134 able and accessed for clinical caring. The process invites creative imagination as well as systematic scientific logic and technology. Transpersonal Teaching-Learning Nurses have a long history about the educational-teaching role; however there has been more emphasis on conveying information rather than a conscious intentionality to engage in authentic processes and relationships of mutuality and reciprocity, in that the nurse seeks to work from the patient’s frame of reference, grasping the meaning and significance of the information for the person, as well as the readiness and timeliness for the person to receive the information. This CF makes explicit that learning is more than just receiving information and data. It involves a caring relationship as context for any teaching learning. This CF evolves toward more of a coaching role in which the person becomes their own best teacher, in contrast to a conventional imparting- of- information role. Provision of supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment The purpose of providing such an environment is quality care and also healing/wholeness. The areas that involve this factor are: comfort; privacy; safety; clean; aesthetic surroundings. Nurses often have a great deal of control of  the environment, but without a consciousness of their obligations to take systematical responsibility for the environment to protect, support and/or correct the patient. More recently this factor has taken on entirely new meaning. In addition to acknowledging the environment as a functional, physical place to attend to in conventional way, one now is invited to consider  the nurse as influencing the patterns – for example,  using theory as guide to environment one can think  of the nurse as repatterning the environment to  promote healing, harmony, and use of caring-healing modalities to assist in patterning a more healing environment; e.g. imagery, visualization, relaxation,  music-sound, intentional touch, art and so forth.9,5 An even more expanded view of environment developed by Quinn9 and expanded by Watson5 suggests and invites us to consider the nurse as the environment. In this evolved framework we are invited to Watson J consider the practitioner and his/her evolved caring consciousness, presence, intentionality, and so forth, as the critical ingredient in the environment.5 In this view, then we have to turn toward the practitioner and the Nurse Self as an energetic, vibrational field, integral with the patient and outer environment. This is a unitary, caring science view of environment and raises new questions inspired by Quinn,9 for Caring Science Environment.5:94 If I am the environment, how can I Be a more caring-healing environment? How can I Become a safe space, a sacred vessel for this patient and his/her inner healing journey? In what ways can I look at, into this person (how am I to face this other) to draw out healing/ wholeness? How can I use my consciousness, my Being, my presence, my voice, my touch, my face, my hands, my heart for healing? Environment now takes on entirely different meaning with this evolved view, moving beyond physical environment, and having to pay attention to the nurse and his/her caring consciousness affecting the entire field. Assisting with gratification of Basic Human Needs, while preserving human dignity and wholeness Assistance with another’s basic needs gives nurses access to the physical body in a very intimate way. As such it is a privilege and great gift to society to take care of others when in need of care. In a Caring Science model it is acknowledged that the nurse however is not just touching one’ physical body or  meeting physical needs, but noting that when touching another we are not touching just the body, but embodied spirit. It is also made explicit in this  work that all needs are unified and interdependent; all needs are equally important and must be valued  and responded to for caring-healing. Allowing for, being open to, existential-phenomenological and spiritual dimensions of caring and healing This last CF brings up the phenomenon of  the unknowns, which cannot be explained scientifically, through the Western mind of modern medicine. This CF allows for mystery and philosophical, Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences metaphysical aspects of human experiences and phenomena which do not conform to conventional views of science and rational thinking. Nevertheless these unknowns are real to those affected. This CF allows for spiritual filled meanings and unknowns to emerge open to infinite possibilities for miracles. This CF honors spirit- filled meanings, cultural beliefs, myths, and metaphors and inner subjective life world of nurse and patients and families, allowing cures and miraculous cures and healings. CONCLUSION Finally this framework for Caring Science and practices proposes that nursing, individually and collectively, contributes to the preservation of humanity and seeks to sustain caring in instances where it is threatened. The Carative Factors/ Caritas Processes serve as structure and order for a theoretical − philosophical foundation for the discipline and profession of nursing. The moral ideals and caring factors and processes proposed foster the evolution and deepening of humankind and serve to sustain humanity. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. 135 REFERENCES 1 Watson J. Nursing: the philosophy and science of caring. Boston (USA): Little Brown; 1979. Boulder (Colorado/USA): Colorado Associated University Press; reprinted 1985. 2 Watson J, The theory of human caring: retrospective and prospective. Nursing Science Quarterly. 1997 Mar; 10 (1): 49-52. 3 Watson J. Nursing human science and human care: a theory of nursing. Connecticut (USA): AppletonCentury Crofts; 1985. New York (USA): National League for Nursing; reprinted 1988. Massachusetts (USA): Jones and Bartlett; reprinted 1999. 4 Watson J. Postmodern nursing and beyond. Edinburgh (Scotland):Churchill-Livingstone.NewYork(NY/USA): Harcourt-Brace/Elsevier; reprinted 1999. 5 Watson J. Caring science as sacred science. Philadelphia (USA): FA Davis; 2005. 6 Levinas E. Totality infinity. Pittsburgh (PA): Duquesne University; 1969. 7 Logstrup K. The ethical demand. Notre Dame (Indiana/ USA): University of Notre Dame; 1997. 8 Watson J. Theory of human caring [acesso em 2006 Nov 11].Disponà ­velem:http://www.uchsc.edu/nursing/caring 9 Quinn J. Holding sacred space: the nurse as healing environment.HolisticNursingPractice1992Apr;6(4):26-35.

Should gay marriages be legalized? Essay -- essays research papers fc

Should same sex marriages be legal?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Same-sex marriages have been very controversial since becoming an issue in Canada regarding the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Several people state that same-sex marriages should be legal, while others disagree, saying it should not be permitted. There have been many debates and inquiries about this issue for several years; the MP’s and Parliament will finally settle the problem within the next year or so. Many are in favour of legalizing same-sex marriages in all of Canada due to the violations and infringes upon the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Problems revolving around same-sex marriages have upset many religious groups. These groups believe that same-sex marriages should not be performed in a church – or at all. Although churches and other places of worship do not approve of same-sex marriages, legalizing same-sex marriages does not breach the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Same-sex marriages should be legalized everywhere in Canada because individuals should be able to express themselves freely without having to feel discriminated against, as stated in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Denying the fundamental liberties and other rights in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is unconstitutional and contravenes what the Charter is expected to maintain. The fundamental rights are what the Charter is based on – the freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication (Section 2b) will be infringed if same-sex marriages are disallowed. Addressing the issue of the fundamental freedoms on same-sex marriages, Prime Minister Paul Martin quoted: The Charter is a living document, the heartbeat of our constitution. It is also a proclamation. It declares that as Canadians, we live under a progressive and inclusive set of fundamental beliefs about the value of the individual. It declares that we all are lessened when any one of us is denied a fundamental right†¦If we do no step forward, then we step back. If we do not protect a right, then we deny it. Canada is governed based on the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Certain parties of the government believe that the government can not and should not pick and choose whose rights they will defend and whose right... ...of another, their right has also been infringed. Then again, religious morals are not valued as they ought to be in society as a whole, its customs, and its laws will change forever from this issue. Change is needed for Canada to adapt to the evolving world, adjusting to changes is beneficial. Legalizing same-sex marriages will lead Canada to being a stronger and a more liberated country. BIBLIOGRAPHY Sullivan, Andrew. Same-sex marriage, pro and con. A Reader. New York: Vintage Books, 2004 Catholic Group says Cardinal Wrong to say Charter of Rights shouldn’t apply to Gays and Lesbians [Online] Available: http://www.equal-marriage.ca/resource.php?id=142 (19 Jan. 2005) Civil Marriage Act [Online] Available: http://canada.justice.gc.ca/en/news/nr/2005/doc_31376.html (1 Feb. 2005) Gay Marriages Timeline [Online] Available: http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/print/CTVNews/110262810228_a8037308/?hub... GLBT and the equal marriage movement [Online] Available: http://www.psac.com/elections/ask_same_sex_marriage-e.htm Same-sex Marriages [Online] Available: http://www.canadawebpages.com/pc- editorial.asp?key=1415&editorPrimeKeyword=samesexmarriages...

The Health Risks of Smoking Essay -- Cigarette Smoking Health Nicotine

The Health Risks of Smoking Every year nearly one in every five US deaths are related to cigarette smoking, that means that every year 440,000 people alone die from cigarettes. Deaths caused by alcohol, car accidents, suicide, AIDS, homicide, and illegal drugs combined are actually less than the number of deaths caused by cigarette smoking. Being the grandchild of a grandpa who died of lung cancer from smoking, I know and understand what cigarette smoking can do. Tobacco smoke is a mixture of gases and of small particles made up of water, tar, and nicotine. The tar is a mixture of thousands of toxic chemicals, many of which are known to cause cancer. Many of the gases in tobacco smoke are harmful to the human body. These include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and other toxic irritants such as acrolein and formaldehyde. Due to the high temperatures of over 1400 degrees F, the burning end of a cigarette is like a miniature chemical factory. Aside from the tar in cigarettes there is also another very potent and harmful carcinogen called Nicotine. Nicotine causes addiction to cigarettes that is similar to the addiction produced by using heroin and cocaine. Almost 80 percent of people who try smoking become addicted and only 1 in 5 smokers who try to quit succeed on the first try. A person can become addicted to nicotine in the first few weeks of trying it. Most people are unaware that nicotine is a psychoactive drug. A psychoactive drug is... The Health Risks of Smoking Essay -- Cigarette Smoking Health Nicotine The Health Risks of Smoking Every year nearly one in every five US deaths are related to cigarette smoking, that means that every year 440,000 people alone die from cigarettes. Deaths caused by alcohol, car accidents, suicide, AIDS, homicide, and illegal drugs combined are actually less than the number of deaths caused by cigarette smoking. Being the grandchild of a grandpa who died of lung cancer from smoking, I know and understand what cigarette smoking can do. Tobacco smoke is a mixture of gases and of small particles made up of water, tar, and nicotine. The tar is a mixture of thousands of toxic chemicals, many of which are known to cause cancer. Many of the gases in tobacco smoke are harmful to the human body. These include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and other toxic irritants such as acrolein and formaldehyde. Due to the high temperatures of over 1400 degrees F, the burning end of a cigarette is like a miniature chemical factory. Aside from the tar in cigarettes there is also another very potent and harmful carcinogen called Nicotine. Nicotine causes addiction to cigarettes that is similar to the addiction produced by using heroin and cocaine. Almost 80 percent of people who try smoking become addicted and only 1 in 5 smokers who try to quit succeed on the first try. A person can become addicted to nicotine in the first few weeks of trying it. Most people are unaware that nicotine is a psychoactive drug. A psychoactive drug is...