Analyse the dramatic Essay Example for Free

Analyse the dramatic EssayAnalyse the dramatic magnificence of the end of act one ofA View from the BridgeAurther Miller is play writer of A View from the Bridge who uses a range of technique to illustrate the importance of the play, such as stage directions and language.At the end of act 1, Miller creates an atmosphere that Alfieri is weak where he says I was so feeble indicating that even a lawyer who should be confident on what to do, was clueless. Further to this there is a suspense tension on what will happen next, where Alfieri visits an nonagenarian lady to question about the fate of Eddie Carbone. The last statement of Alfieri after his discussion with the lady ends with, And so I waited here which gives a sense to the hearing that Alfieri himself fears that a disaster will happen and so we ar curious and anxious to find out.In the next part of the extract, it opens up as they are a big ecstatic family, as normally Catherine boosts about Rodolfo about what he did.Th ey went to Africa once. On a fishing boat (Eddie Glances at her) its true Eddie representing Eddie doesnt in reality want to know what they did. As the family talk about what the 2 submarines, Rodolfo doest want to contribute in the conversation therefore he sits near Catherine while she is information a magazine On stage while they were Talking about fishing boats Eddie especially concentrates on what Marco says and replies back to him in a very alert speed, Marco sardines.Eddie sure. (laughing) how are you gonna catch sardines on a hook? Seeing that the 2 boys were having an argument. Beatrice steps in and tries to change the subject.The mood and atmosphere is very cheerful as Catherine goes on about Rodolfos adventure. Eddie then jokes about that they paint oranges to make them look like oranges Marco then reacts to eddies joke thinking that he is telling the truth. Rodolfo is helping his blood brother by changing the subject lemons are green there becomes a conflict between Rodolfo and Eddie .he therefore reveals his ignorance for Christ sake

Ethics of Native American Mascots Essay Example for Free

Ethics of Native American Mascots EssayEthics of Native American mascots is a controversial topic and should not be argued against because they atomic number 18 utilise ethically, complementary, and humblely. The Native American Mascot controversy is a topic that has presented itself in recent years all across the country. Though there guard been some issues, complaints, and moral questions brought up about the Native American mascot dilemma by a minority multitude of people, there is no legitimate melodic line to why these mascots should be banned.Ethically, there is nothing wrong with using Native American symbols as mascots. Native American mascots are ethical. Ethics is defined as a system of moral principles and rules, the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group or culture, and also a branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain a ctions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions (dictionary. com).Native American mascots and logos for sports leagues has been a debate dating back as far as the late 1960s (Oguntoyinbo 2011). When talking about the ethics side of the argument, calling the images and logos unethical toward Native Americans is wrong because ethics, like the definition says, portrays to respect and class toward a group or culture. The purpose of mascots is to moot in something, to bring on a logo that brings teams and communities together for battle in sports, and to perform well and do your best so you stand tall and rarified to be a part of your team and mascot.To be a warrior on a football field and literally harbor the warrior symbol, to be a brave, or the chiefs and represent honor, courage, and bravery would be astonishing. Native American mascots are complementary. The use of logos as mascots is to honor Native Americans, they are not used to offend, and t hey are not misguiding (King 2002). Though there are two sides to every argument, when a mascot is called degrading or any negative term other than complementary, it must have something border line if not over the top offensive on it. There is no legitimate argument for why an arrowhead on the side of afootball helmet, a logo of a Native American chiefs head on the side of a school or hitherto a tomahawk on a basketball jersey is being reverted to as degrading, but the controversy still continues. Some name calling can be offensive such as Redmen, Savages, etc. But if it is the name itself that offends, it needs to be argued that way and not toward the Native American mascot as a symbol. debate a mascot as degrading when really it is meant the name is disrespectful in itself because a mascot is a symbol of a team, not the name it is also the cleverness and core of a team.Mascots are purposely portray as being ethical, complementary, and respectful, in fact tribal names find their way onto all kinds of consumer products, such as the Jeep Cherokee and the Dodge Dakota. For the same reason, Indian images appear on U. S. currency, such as the old Indian-head nickel and the new Sacajawea dollar. The Army even names its helicopters after tribes the Apache Longbow, the Kiowa Warrior, the Comanche, and the Blackhawk. If we were to let the minority side of this argument change Native American mascots, then a number of cities (e.g. , Chicago, Miami, and Milwaukee), plus about half the states, would have to be renamed (Miller 2001). Mascots are symbols, symbols of spirit, and symbols of strength. Native American mascots are respectful. The minority of people who argue this issue want these mascots to change because they believe that Native American mascots are disrespectful to Native Americans, they are portrayed disrespectfully, and everything about the mascot is portrayed disrespectful.Some even say that teams with Native American mascots do whats called a tomahawk chop that supposedly represent Indian culture and meant for honoring them but thats not true (Pewewardy 2000). Doing a tomahawk chop is in no way disrespectful, in fact, a tomahawk chop is used to pump up the crowd, its used to respect the heritage of the Native American, and its used to continue tradition. Being a part of a Native American mascot team, chances are the intent is to want to represent that logo and be the upmost respectful possible toward the heritage that the symbol represents.It is amazing how some can say that Native American mascots are disrespectful. A huge reason that Florida State University got to stay their symbol and logo the Seminoles is because the chief of the Seminole tribe in Florida strongly supports what Florida State does with the symbol and how it is respected. Disrespect is when a team of any name burns a mascot logo before a game, disrespect is when a sports game is not played by the rules, disrespect is when refusal to shake and opponents hand a fter a disordered battle, not a logo that represents pride and respect for a team, school, and community.Ethics of Native American mascots is a controversial topic and should not be argued against because again they are not being used unethically, they are not degrading, and they are not being used disrespectfully. Schools shouldnt have to change their mascot because a a couple of(prenominal) minority people give speeches, write letters to the NCAA, or even protest about it. It should come down to what the tribes themselves want they are the ones with their image portrayed out there as mascots.That would be the ethical and right way to go about this controversy. Ethics can play a big intent when it comes to the Native American mascot issue. No matter which side is chosen to debate, ethics should always be considered one of, if not, the top motivation. Works Cited Definition of ethics. Ethics definition. Dictionary. com. Web. 15 November 2011 King, Richard. Defensive dialogues Na tive American mascots, anit-Indianism, and educationalinstitutions. Academic Search Premier. Simile, February 2002. Web. 27 November 2011. Miller, John. Whats in a (Team) Name? Academic Search Premier. National Review, 16 April 2001. Web. 15 November 2011. Oguntoyinbo, Lekan. The Name Game. Academic Search Premier. Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 28 April 2011. Web. 15 November 2011.. Pewewardy, Cornel. Why Educators Should Not Ignore Indian Mascots. Academic Search Premier. multicultural Perspectives, 2000. Web. 27 November 2011.

The Development Of The Welfare State Sociology Essay

The Development Of The Wel fartheste State Sociology EssayThe aim of this quiz is to pick up at the development of the welfare state following the 1942 breed by Beveridge and how successful this has been in eradicating need. This essay leave alone outline the context the report by Beveridge was written in, what the report was trying to solve and how far it went in solving the problem of pauperism. It will also look at the three assumptions do by Beveridge and what these assumptions achieved alongside how far these wricked to eliminate beggary and inequality. Finally it will briefly look at poverty in todays society to see how far things have changed. The first part of this essay will look at Beveridges report, the context it was written in and what it was trying to achieve. Beveridges report was published in the wake of the Second World War. It was well received by the public who as a result of the war had been brought together and were now looking to the future. Previous t o the Beveridge report, in the 1920s -1930s pre-war Britain was riddled with unemployment and poverty. During this time there was a level of support but it was inconsistent, time restricted and confusing, causing many people to fall through with(predicate) the net and live in absolute poverty. When the report was published it gave people hope of change and a more optimistic future. The aim of the report was for Beveridge to look at the cordial insurance scheme, but the report ended up shaping the welfare system. Beveridge identified the high levels of poverty in Britain and came up with a plan to overcome it. The report found five giant pestiferouss in society which were want, ignorance, squalor, idleness and disease. The idea was to introduce a new plan for social security which would include social insurance, topic supporter and voluntary assistance. This plan would work alongside three assumptions which were family allowance, National Health Service and full employment. Beve ridge felt up if both of these things worked alongside each other poverty would be irradiated.The second section of this essay will look at Beveridges plan for social security. A new plan was introduced by Beveridge for social security that he felt would go some bearing to tackle poverty. This plan consisted of Social insurance, National assistance and Voluntary insurance. Social insurance was paid by everybody that was working, it was a flat rate and if you had to stop working you received a flat rate subscribe for that period. National assistance was created as a safety net for those who havent paid into the social security scheme. It was income assessed so would only be received by those who were genuinely in need. Voluntary insurance was a voluntary contribution you could make which meant that as an individual you could receive a better lifestyle if you choose to carry into it. It may be argued that this allowed for inequality because in effect only those who earned enoug h could pay into this scheme, whereas those who worked but couldnt afford to wouldnt have the option.Beveridge felt that to tackle poverty the social security plan needed to be used alongside the three assumptions which were Family allowance, National Health Service and full employment. Family allowance was created at a time when there was a concern about birth rates falling. Many people couldnt afford to have and support children. This was introduced to stop child poverty and also with the knowledge that children were a major expense too many families so it would seem impossible to stop poverty whilst people simmer down had children to support. It may be said that by having family allowance it encouraged people to have children to gain more money. The National Health Service was created to conflict the giant evil of disease. Prior to the National Health Service poor people were terrified to become ill, because many couldnt afford to pay for any treatment. Ensuring that people had access to wellness care would also ensure that more people were treated and therefore fit to work. The National Health Service created a level of equality, everybody was entitled to the similar care regardless of contribution. Full employment was introduced to combat the giant evil of idleness. The view was that if the state could help with employment, more people would be able to work so they would be less likely to be in poverty, meaning that less people needed money from the state.The third part of the essay will consider if poverty and inequality was irradiated. Following the implementation of the recommendations by Beveridge it seemed like there would be no more poverty. During the 1950s and 1960s research started to confront poverty was even so evident in society and in some areas was on the increase. These discoveries lead to a redefinition and rediscovery of poverty. Alcock, pg 7, 2003 highlights this when he states Townsend and Abel-smith conducted research which showed that, despite the welfare reforms to combat want, many people were still living in poverty in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s (Abel-Smith and Townsend, 1965 Townsend, 1979). When poverty was redefined it became evident that many people were still living below the poverty line, particularly single parent families, unemployed people and pensioners. During this time housing needs werent met meaning many people keep to fall through the system and couldnt support themselves. Inequality was still evident despite Beveridges recommendations. Beveridges report did not stop all inequality. There was a dispute between the treatment of men and women. Women were expected to take on the caring role and be supported by their husbands. This may have left women financially dependent on their husbands.The final part of this essay will consider poverty in modern society. Poverty is still evident in todays society, which may indicate that Beveridges recommendations didnt go as far as expected long te rm to reduce poverty. Beveridges report lead to the implementation of family allowance in target to support children and stop the existing child poverty. It now appears that in modern society, with a similar benefit still in place, child poverty could be on the increase. This is reflected by Child poverty action group, 2010, page 19 which states The Institute for Fiscal Studies predicts that absolute poverty is already rising and relative poverty will soon rise as well. We can expect the wellbeing of children to fall. This indicates that child poverty is not irradiated.In conclusion it appears that although Beveridges report went some way to limiting poverty, it has never been erased. Some things may have changed for the better following Beveridges report a better welfare state was introduced alongside a national health service to care for people who previously couldnt afford it. However, the poverty and inequality identified by Beveridge is still evident in todays society. People still suffer from inadequate housing or homelessness, lack of money, illness and unemployment similar to the five giant evils identified by Beveridge.

Justice In The Old Testament Religion Essay

Justice In The Old testament Religion EssayINTRODUCTIONWHAT IS JUSTICEThe general fancying of rightness is giving a person his due. That is to say if the if someone has done more should be rewarded more. In short it is concerned with bazar distri just nowion of goods, opportunities justice demands that all individual should be rewarded correspond to what he or she had done, nonhing more or nothing less. Now having understood the general understanding of justice, it is imperative that we find at what the bible say about justice.JUSTICE IN THE OLD TESTAMENTThe Old Testament talks of three dimensions of Justice. That is distri unlessive Justice, fair transaction and secondly public justice and finally rectitude that argon the integrity of a person. The Old Testament has terms which ar used to describe justice, which are mishpat and tsedeq .Tsedeq refers to a persons righteousness (tsedeq). Apart from that it is used for honest scales and measurements. It house besides mean g ood governance. Mishpat and tsedeq are interchangeable. jibe to DD Raphael, mishpat Means Judgment, the discussion of Judge but with a normative connotation (200111). According to him mishpat is concerned with the judge. That is how the judge executes his legal matters. In short he is talking about the calibre of the judge in executing his judgment. So when mishpat is used in the Old Testament it is concerned the guinea pig of God in executing judgment up on the monstrous doers.It is concerned with the character of an individual in dealing with his fellow individual. On this part we can see the difference between tsedeq and mishpat. It is recorded that tsedeq is used of the character of the defendant than the conduct of the Judge (Howard Marshall 198010). In addition we can say that tsedeq does not concern the righteousness of the judge but it is concerned with the character of an individual. moreover Raphael noted that The punishment of the crime against a person should be tha t a wrongdoer suffer the same harm as he has caused (Ex.2123-25) 200114). According to Howard M. Justice and Judgment consist very ofttimes in bringing the oppressors of the woeful and needy to naught.THE GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL JUSTICEJustice has more often than not two components which constitutes justice these are Social and justice. Social is the team used to refer to how people belong in the community or how people live in the society. Justice on the other hand deals with up holding what is just or treating people fairly according to honour or/ and standard. So when these terms are used together, it can be said that social justice exist when people are given what is due from their community. Social justice deals in three areas. That is economic justice, remedial and distributive justice. Economic and remedial justice ensures that every person is given equal and fair opportunities to access a societys economic resources and its political and legal systems. Distributi ve justice also focuses on outcomes which are fair. It is interestingly to note that all three forms of Justice Emphasis much on the social responsibilities of human beings.BIBLICAL UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL JUSTICEWhen Old Testament talks of Justice, it does not however mean being or acting justly but also the kind of situation that would result when Justice is executed. Apart from the Old Testament dealing with righteousness (tsedeqa) and justice or judgment (mishpat) the Old Testament also deals with helping the needy. For example Leviticus 199-10, God is reminding the children of Israel not to finish the crops in their fields after the harvest but should leave some for the poor, stranger, widows, orphans etc. this is supported by Deut. 2419-22. In which God is commanding the Israelites not to go back and collect that which was left in the fields.Another aspect that is found in the Old Testament scriptures for example in Proverbs 318-9. here(predicate) it is said that everyone ha s the God given rights life and indecency that is free from all forms of oppression and injustices. Again when we look in the Pentateuch (Deut. 151-11), God commands the Israelite to help the needy among them in the seventh month and also to council the debts of those who wintry not pay backRaphael said The command in these passages do not use either of the words for justice to describe their rationale, though the nous behind them is one that was latter assigned to the concept of social justice (200115). This same emphasis is also used by the major prophet care Isaiah in which they relate the concept of knowing God to helping the needy for example Isaiah 17 associate the notion of mishpat with giving help to the needy. Jeremiah also associates mishpat with tsedeqa (Jeremiah 223). It has been indicated that when social activists talk about the poor, needy and disadvantaged, they do not only refer to victims of oppression, but also to people in prosperous countries who are less pr osperous even though they have n o lack of food, shelter, clothing, or government and aid agency support (Andrew kulikovsky 200811). It can push be said that social justice favours much those who are disadvantaged. There are many scriptural references both in the old and the New Testament which has come out clear on the issue of social justice. For example the prophet Zechariah 79-10 talks about where God has forbade the oppression of the widow, the fatherless and strangers or the poor in general further, the prophet Amos is talking more on the oppression of the poor and the strangers. It has been said that Doing justice by assisting the poor and the needy is a obligation of those who have responded to the Gospel. It is not part of the gospel itself (Andrew K. 200820).On the contrary, we can not stand on the fact the bible is entirely based on social justice there are some passages in the same bible which contradict the notion of social justice. These biblical passages prohibit fav ouritism and philia in matters concerning justice for example Leviticus 1915 where God is saying that you shall not render unjust Judgment (mishpat), you shall not be partial to the poor or defer to the great with justice you shall judge your neighbour. Here we see the concept of justice in dealing with legal matters which is concerned with just judgment. Here the king of justice they are talking about is mishpat. Justice must be done in tsedeqa or righteousness. This is also echoed by Ex. 233. not only this but also in Ex. 3014-15 There was also no partiality when Moses took a census and God required an offering of half a shekel from every one over the age of twenty years (Andrew K 200811). The only thing that the poor needed in those days was fair dealing with other people. According to the biblical understanding, the poor are those people who were the victims of injustice and have no one to speak for them in time of oppression. That is why the righteous have the mandate to look after the marginalized (James 127) not because they are poor but that they are the victims of injustices. Some scholars such as Ross Langmead as quoted by Andrew K. states that When Jesus gave the manifesto of good news to the poor he meant salvation and not any form of social justice. So it is not well-off for us to dwell of scholars who suggest that the Bible is entirely consisting of social justice. Because it also contains some references which are concerned with legal matters. Edgar wrote From a Christian and Biblical dit of view, Justice means giving to people according to need and even giving more than they might receive according to the principle of equality (Andrew K. 200814). This is why most concern of social justice is assisting the poor and needy people in the society. This concept has been disputed by Andrew and said that it is very important to understand what it means when the Bible talks of the poor and the needy and the levels of their poverty. Langmead further argues that Biblical justice goes further than strict justice and is imbued with grace, mercy and forgiveness (Andrew K 200814). We can not assert on the fact that justice is not Biblical justice unless it is involved in the advocacy of the weak, the poor or the socially disadvantaged. Further Neville says Jesus called for social transformation as confirmed by the nature of his mission and social Justice again Andrew argues to say that this is what the people and the disciples expected, but that was not the gospel of Gods kingdom was about (Andrew K 200820).CONCLUSIONTo sum up all this Biblical Justice must not be thought only in social concept but must also be thought in other terms like giving people according to what is due. God prefers the poor not because they are poor but because they were the victims of injustices, but that is note the only message found in the Biblical teachings.

Tourism Today And Importance Of Front Office Tourism Essay

Tourism Today And Importance Of Front Office Tourism EssayToday tourism is one of the rotundst and most dynamic sectors, of the economy. It is growing at a fast pace, leading to infrastructure development, considerable, volume of foreign currency inflows, and good job opportunities. So it affects various sectors of the economy, contributing to the social and economic development of the countryas a whole. According to recent statistics, tourism provides almost 10 per cent of the worlds income and employs almost one tenth of the worlds workforce. All considered, tourisms actual and potential economic impact is astounding.The hospitality sedulousness came into existence in order to accommodate tourists.When knobs stay in a hotel and use the various services and facilities provided by the hotel, they seldom think virtually the complexity of hotel operations. The sm whollyest of their demands, exchangeable for a cup of tea, requires coordination among a series of people. The hotel industry is a people-oriented industry. It is the effectiveness, efficiency, and courteous behaviour of the hotel employees that make a lasting concept on the nodes total experience.The expect office surgical incision of a hotel is the hub of node activities. This department looks after the knobs needs-right from the booking of paths to receiving and registering guests, to assigning boards, to discussion guests mails and messages, to presenting bills and settling guests accounts at the time of check-out. It is important for the straw man office staff to provide excellent and unflawed services to guests, as it goes a long way in creating an indelible image of the hotel.FRONT OFFICE GM AT WORK AND OTHER ACTIVITIES just about general managers depend on the performance of an outstanding attend office to help them meet their guest service and profitability goals. The reckon office and its manager(s) be trustworthy for, a variety of important hotel functions.Because the m eanss sold by a hotel argon extremely perishable (an unsold direction on a certain day is an eternal and unchangeable circumstance), it is very important that hotels do the best job possible in matching guest room availableness with guest room demand. Also, since it is non possible to change the number of rooms available to sell up or down on a everyday basis due to the constructed fixed number of rooms, an important responsibility of the front office is the sale of rooms at a rate that management feels leave behind maximize tax income per available room. A well-managed and talented front office will do this well.The making of guest reservations is ofttimes the first thing that comes to sagaciousness when considering the major functions of a front office, and this is indeed an important and often complex eyeshot of the front offices role. In addition to reservations, however, it falls upon the front office to actually assign arriving guests to specific guest rooms and respon d to their special needs during their stay. These needs throw out include everything from transportation and development to checkup assistance. In all of these situations and to a greater extent, the unwavering role of the front office is to make the guests stay as comfortable and as welcoming as possible.An essential aspect of the front office is its responsibility for collecting the revenue charged to guests for their rooms, restaurant meals, telephone calls, and a host of other hotel services. This means that the front office manager, works with the G.M. and controller, must devise and administer revenue management systems that ensure guests are properly charged for the services they use and that the hotel fully collects all monies it has earned.When forecasting room demand, accommodating guests, and collecting monies for services rendered, the front office generates a large quantity of data, much of which are critical for management decision making. It is the role of the fron t office to collect, sort, and present these data in a way that assists in management decision making. As a G.M. my daily tasks can be do much easier by the support of an effective front office.OVERVIEW OF THE FRONT OFFICEThe front office sometimes referred to as the front desk, the front office ordinarily controls much more than the activities occurring at the front desk. In a small, limited service hotel, the front office whitethorn consist, physically of only that area speechless for guest fitting. In a larger property the front office may include several staff members, each responsible for a piece of land of the offices management or operation.Regardless of its size, the front office must be organized to manage its key tasks and areas of responsibility.TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY step-up + economicalyTourism and hospitality, which are inextricably linked to each other, are amongthe major revenue-earning enterprises in the world. They happen to be amongthe top employers too. in that mending has been an up market move in tourism over thelast few decades as actling has become quite common. People travel for business, vacation, pleasure, adventure, or even medical treatment. The contemporary tourist, who has higher directs of disposable income, international exposure, and refined tastes, wants specialized strains of products and services, much(prenominal) as quieter resorts, family-oriented holi years, or commercialized hotels. This has led to a demand for better quality products and services, mainly regarding accommodation and travelling, thus feeding the growth of the hospitality industry as a whole.The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, cheap skyways, and more accessible airports have made tourism affordable and convenient. in that respect have as well been changes in lifestyle-for example, now retiree-age people sustain tourism traffic circle the year. The sales of tourism products on the Internet , besides the aggressive marketing of tour operators and travel agencies, have also contributed to the growth of tourism.With several business-related activities associated with tourism, the industryhas a severe potential of generating employment as well as earning foreign exchange. There are many countries in the world, such as Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore, Fiji, and Caribbean, whose economies are primarily goaded by tourism. Tourism can contribute to the economic growth of a country in the following waysEmployment generation It creates a large number of jobs among direct serviceproviders (such as, hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, tour operators, guide and tour pick ups, and so on) and among indirect service providers (such as, suppliers to hotels and restaurants, supplementary accommodation, etc.).Infrastructure development Tourism spurs infrastructure development. In orderto become an important commercial or pleasure destination, any locationwould require all the necess ary infrastructure, like good connectivity via rail,road, and air transport, fair to middling accommodation, restaurants, a well-developed telecommunication network, and medical facilities, among others.Foreign exchange The people who travel to other countries spend a large amount of money on accommodation, transportation, sightseeing, shopping, etc. Thus, an inbound tourist is an important source of foreign exchange for any country.HOTELS DEFINITION AND CORE AREASThe term hotel was used for the first time by the ordinal Duke of Devonshire to name a lodging property in London sometime in AD 1760. The word hotel is derived from the French htel, which refers to a French version of townhouse. Historically in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and several other countries, a townhouse was the residence of a peer or an aristocrat in the capital or major cities.A hotel or an inn is defined by the British Law as a place where a bonafidetraveler can receive viands and shelter, provided he is in a position to pay for itand is in a fit condition to be received. Hence, a hotel must provide food (andbeverage) and lodging to a traveller on payment, but the hotel has the right torefuse if the traveller is not presentable (either drunk, or disorderly, or unkempt)or is not in a position to pay for the services. Alternatively, a hotel may be defined as an establishment whose primary business is to provide lodging facilities to a genuine traveller along with food, beverage, and sometimes recreational facilities too on chargeable basis. Though there are other establishments such as hospitals, college hostels, prisons, and sanatoriums, which offer accommodation, they do not qualify as hotels since they do not cater to the specific needs of a traveller.A hotel is thus an establishment that provides paid accommodation, generallyfor a victimize duration of stay. Hotels often provide a number of additional guestservices, such as restaurants, bar, swimming pool, healthcare, retail shopsbu siness facilities like conference halls, bed covering halls, board rooms and space for private parties like birthdays, marriages, kitty parties, etc. Most of the modemhotels nowadays provide the basic facilities in a room-a bed, a cupboard, a small table, weather control (air conditioner or heater), and bathroom-along with other features like a telephone with STD/ISD facility, a television set with cable channel, and broadband/Wi-Fi Internet connectivity. There might also be a mini-bar containing snacks and drinks (the consumption of the aforementioned(prenominal) is added to the guests bill), and tea and coffee making unit having an electric kettle, cups, spoons, and sachets containing instant coffee, tea bags, sugar, and creamer.Areas of a Hotel An OverviewThe brass instrument of a hotel today is very complex and comprises variousdepartments. The number of departments varies from one establishment to another. All departments may have their own managers, reporting to the general manager and the assistant general manager.The front office is where my principal research were held during this taskThis department is headed by the front office manager, the front office department is the operating(a) department that is responsible for welcoming and registering guests, allocating rooms, and helping guests check out. Uniformed services like concierge and cost desk, and EPBAX operators are part of the front office department.-Hotels are commercial establishment that provide accommodation, meals and other guest services. In general, to be called a hotel, an establishment must have a minimum of six guests rooms, at to the lowest degree three of which must have attached private bathroom facilities.Although hotels are classified into star categories, there is no standard method of assigning these ratings, and conformance with customary requirements is voluntary. An American hotel with certain rating, for example, may look very contrary from a European or Asian hotel with the same rating, and would provide a different level of amenities, range of facilities, and quality of service. Although hotel chains assure uniform standards throughout, non-chain hotels (even within the same country) may not agree on the same standards.In the travel and tourism industry, the hotel industry plays a very significant role, as all tourists need a place to stay at their destinations, and require many more services and facilities to suit their specific needs and tastes.FUNCTIONS (FRONT OFFICE)Front office is the first department of the hotel with which guests come in contact at the time of their stretch and also the last department they interact with when they depart from the hotel. This department performs various functions like reservation, reception, enrollment, room assignment, and settlement of bills of a resident guest.This chapter is aimed at providing an understanding of the organization of thefront office department. Here, we will study the various di vides of the front officeand their functions, the organization of the front office staff, and the qualities,attributes, duties and responsibilities of front office personnel office.FUNCTION AREASThe front office personnel are mostly in direct contact with guests throughouttheir stay. Guests contact the front desk to book a room check-in inquire abouthotel services, facilities, and about the city or surrounding areas and finally, tosettle bills and check out from the hotel. Apart from these services, the front desk also provides services like handling guest mails and messages, maintaining guest accounts, folio guests (locating guests within the hotel), arranging travel services, and various other services as per the guests requirement.The front office is the contact point amid the guest, management, and otherdepartments. It handles guests complaints, dispatches house backinging and engineering requests, prints and files reports, receives and answers phone calls, and sends and recei ves faxes. Thus, the front office personnel perform the following functionsSell hotel rooms to guests, which may be standard or deluxe rooms, executive or presidential suites, etc.Accept advance booking of hotel rooms through telephone, fax, e-mail,websites, etc.Receive and register guests when they arrive at the hotel and assign them rooms concord to their preferences-smoking/non-smoking, pool view/ garden view/sea view, high floor/low floor, near the elevator/far from the elevator, etc.Maintain accurate room status information.Maintain guest accounts and monitor credit.Handle guests demands and complaints.Prepare account statements of guests.Settle bills at the time of check-out.Coordinate guest services like handling of guest mails and messages, locating guests within the hotel premises, connecting guest telephone calls, keeping guests valuables in safety deposit lockers, handling of room keys, making sundry payments on behalf of guests, and so on.Provide information about the h otels facilities and services, the city, important events, festivals and shows, and places of tourist interest.FRONT OFFICE LAYOUT-For the efficient and smooth functioning of a department, it is important to divide it in slits and proxy tasks accordingly.-The front office department is divided in sections*Reservation / Reception / Information desk / Cash and bills / travel desk / Communication / Uniformed services (which include gong desk and concierge)-A well designed layout should involve proper space utilization, aimed at improving the efficiency and control of the staff. The front desk should be located at a self-aggrandizing place in the dorm for example.-the hotel lobby is an area furnished with seating arrangements just inside the hotel, where hotel guests and their visitors can meet and wait.-located just beyond the entrance to the hotel, the lobby is the first and last point of guest contact with the hotel.-A well-appointed lobby creates an impression about the overall standard of the hotel in the eyes of the guests.RESERVATION art object planning business or pleasure trips, people like to ensure that they will have a safe and comfortable accommodation at their various(prenominal) destinations. This can be maked by booking a room of their excerpt in advance..The reservation section of the front office department of a hotel is responsiblefor receiving and processing reservation queries. Depending upon the level ofautomation, volume of business, and house customs, the procedure of processing reservation queries may differ from hotel to hotel in terms of reservations handling, maintenance of reservation records, confirmation, amendment, and cancellation of reservations. This section is headed by a reservation manager, who is assisted by a reservation supervisor and a team of reservation clerks or assistants.Layout of the Reservation SectionThe location of the reservation section depends upon the size of hotel and the volume of business of the hot el. In a very small hotel, the function of reservations can be performed by the front desk. In a large hotel, a separate section is needed, which should preferably be located behind the reception counter and should have a communication gateway between the reception and reservation sections.Functions of the Reservation SectionThe following functions are performed by the reservation section-Receiving reservation requests through various means like telephone, fax,e-mail, websites, sales representatives, or central reservations department.-Processing reservation requests received from all means on the hotel propertymanagement system (PMS).-Depending upon the availability of desired room caseful and projected sales during and around the requested stay dates, the reservation, waitlisted, or denied.-Updating the room availability status after each reservation transaction, i.e., after each confirmation, amendment and cancellation.-Maintaining and update reservation records to reflect accu rate information about room status.-Preparing reservation reports for the management.RECEPTIONThis section of the front office receives and welcomes guests on their arrival in the hotel. It is headed by a supervisor and comprises a team of receptionists and front desk assistants. The personnel of this section procure all the necessary information about the guest to complete the registration process. After finishing the registration formalities, a room is assigned to the guest, and a gong boy carries the luggage and escorts the guest to her room. The entire process is carried out professionally in a warm and friendly atmosphere.Layout of the Reception SectionThe reception section is located in close proximity to the entrance of the hotel. The layout of the section depends upon the size of the hotel and the volume of business generated by it. The front desk assistant carries out many tasks like receiving guests, registration, etc. hence, the reception area should be designed in such a way to assist the staff in performing their tasks efficiently and effectively. The front desk may be circular, L-shaped, curved, or straight depending upon the requirement.Functions of ReceptionThe following functions are performed by the reception section of hotel-Receiving and welcoming guests.-Completing the registration formalities.-Assigning the room.-Sending arrival notification slips to the concerned departments.INFORMATION DESKAs the name suggests, the information desk provides information to guests. It ismanned by an information assistant. In a small hotel, the same function may beperformed by the receptionist. The need of a separate information desk is felt inlarge hotels where the traffic of guests is higher. The information desk may belocated next to the reception.Functions of Information DeskSome of the functions of the information desk are as under-Maintaining resident guest rack.-Handling guest room keys.-Coordinating guest mails, telegrams, faxes, couriers, parcel s, etc.-Providing information to guests regarding hotel facilities and services, cityinformation, etc.-Handling guests messages.-Paging guests.CASH AND BILLSThe cash and bills section records all the monetary transactions of guests. It maintains guest folios and prepares the guest bills to be settled by the guest at the time of departure. This section is headed by a cashier.Functions of the Cash and Bills SectionThis section performs the following tasks-Opening and maintaining of guest folios.-Posting room charges in guest folios.-Recording all credit charges in guest folios.-Maintaining a record of the cash received from guests.-Preparing bills at the time of check-out.-Receiving cash/travellers cheques/demand draft for account settlement.-Handling credit debit charge cards for the settlement of a guest account.-Organizing foreign currency exchange for the settlement of a guest account. blend DeskThe travel desk takes care of travel arrangements of guests, like air-ticketing,railw ay reservations, sightseeing tours, airport or railway station pick up or drop,etc. The hotel may operate the travel desk or it may be outsourced to an external travel agency.Functions of Travel deskThe travel desk performs the following tasks-Arranging pick-up and drop services for guests at the time of their arrivaland departure.-Providing vehicles on request to guests at pre-determined rates (chargedkilometre/hour wise and depend on the kind and size of vehicle used-premium cars, semi-luxury cars, coaches, mini vans, etc.)-Making travel arrangements like railway reservations/ cancellations/amendments, or purchasing air-tickets for guests.-Organizing half-day or full-day sightseeing tours in and around the city.-Arranging for guides who can communicate in the guests language.COMMUNICATION SECTIONThe communication section maintains the communication network of the hotel,which is generally quite complex. The hotel may have its own private branchexchange (PBX), along with post and te legraph lines. Earlier all outgoing callswere routed through the telephone operator. This was done to ensure properaccounting of outgoing calls. Switchboard operators were required to place wake- up calls, monitor automated systems, and ordain emergency communications.Recent technological advancement in telecommunications has revolutionized the way hotels operations are run. Now guests are able to make outgoing calls without routing them through the operator. There is a computerized call accounting system that charges the outgoing calls to the guests account. Wake-up calls may also be registered on the system, which dials the guests extension at the pre-registered time and plays a pre-recorded message when answered. So hotels can now manage with lesser number of telephone operators per shift. The telephone operators, who answer incoming calls, protect the guests privacy and contribute to the hotels security programme by not revealing guest room numbers to any unauthorized person. M any hotels also provide guest paging services over the human beings address system. These systems generally operate through the communications section.Functions of Communication DeskThe duties of the telephone operator include-Answering incoming calls.-Directing calls to guest rooms through the switchboard/PABX system.-Providing information on guest services.-Processing guest wake-up calls.-Answering inquiries about hotel facilities and events.-Protecting guests privacy.-Coordinating emergency communication..UNIFORMED SERVICESThe uniformed services in the hotel include the bell desk team and the concierge.Bell DeskThe bell desk is located very close to the main entrance of the hotel. This section is headed by a bell captain, who leads a team of bell boys (also called bellhops) and page boys. They handle the guest luggage from the guest vehicle to the lobby and to guest rooms at the time of arrival and from their rooms to the guest vehicle at the time of departure. They escort gues ts to their rooms and familiarize them with hotel facilities, safety features, as well as in-room facilities.The bell desk person is the last front desk employee who comes in contact with guests at the time of their departure.Functions of bell deskThe bell desk is responsible for the following tasks-Handling guest luggage at the time of arrival and departure-Escorting guests to their rooms on arrival.-Familiarizing guests about safety features and in-room facilities.-Providing information to guests about hotel facilities and services when asked.-Locating a guest in a specified area of the hotel.-Posting guest mails.-Making sundry purchases like postage stamps, medicine etc. for the guest.-Keeping guest luggage in the left luggage room if requested by the guest. -Checking if in-room amenities are in their original condition at the time of departure of guests.CONCIERGEA concierge is a hotel employee who provides information and personalized services to guests like dinner reservations, tour and travel arrangements,and obtaining tickets for special events in the city, etc. A concierge is often expected to achieve the impossible, dealing with any request a guest may have, relying on an extensive list of personal contacts with various local anesthetic merchants and service providers. The concept of concierges came from the days of European royalty the concierge was the castle doorkeeper in those times. His duty was to ensure that all castle occupants were safe in their rooms at night. When the royal families travelled, they often took their concierges with them for security and for making food and lodging arrangements. As the hotel industry grew, concierges became a part of the hotel staff to provide personalized services to hotel guests.Functions of conciergeThe concierge provides the following services to guests-Making reservations for dine in famous restaurants.-Obtaining tickets for theatres, musicals, sporting events, etc.-Arranging for transportation by limous ine, car, coaches, buses, airplanes,or trains.-Providing information on cultural and social events like photo exhibitions, artshows, and local places of tourist interest.++++++++++++++++++++++GUEST CYCLEThe guests of a hotel have four main stages interaction with the hotel at pre-arrival / arrival / stay / departure. All guests go through the same procedure as they proceed from reservation to arrival and allotment of rooms, to their stay in the hotel, to the settlement of their bills and departure from the hotel, these various stages of activities constitute the guest cycle.PRE-ARRIVALThe interaction between a guest and a hotel before the guest arrives at the hotel forms the pre-arrival phase of the guest cycle. Reservation is the most important pre-arrival activity. During this phase, the guest first selects a hotel for stay.The guests choice about a particular hotel is affected by factors. Like advertisements, recommendations from family and friends, previous experience with the hotel, reputation, location, contractual agreement with the hotel, etc. Once a hotel has been chosen, the guest or a person designated by him (who could be his secretary or spouse or a travel agent) contacts the selected hotel through telephone, e- mail, or fax for reserving a room for the period of his proposed stay.The reservation request is received by the reservation staff, whose efficiency andcompetence in handling the request creates a good first impression of the hotel inthe mind of the guest.Before confirming a reservation, the hotel may ask for a credit card guaranteeor an advance deposit from the guest. In case of high occupancy periods, guestsare requested to pay retention charges. This is to ensure minimum loss to the hotelin case of any last second gear cancellations or no shows. Once the retention chargeshave been paid, the room is reserved or blocked for the guest for the requiredstay dates. The hotel also makes note of any special arrangements to be made, like a whe elchair and a barrier free room airport or railway station transfers an extra bed or crib in the room etc.Thus the functions of the front office in the pre-arrival phase includeProcessing the reservation request of the guest.Creation of guest folio (in case the hotel has received any advance payment).Blocking the room for the guest.Making special arrangements for the guest (if required).The data collected during the process of reservation can be utilized in future frontoffice and sales activities. A well-managed reservation system can maximize theroom sales and revenue by constantly monitoring the room status and forecastingthe room revenue.ARRIVALGuests have their first face-to-face interaction with the hotel staff on their arrival atthe hotel. This is a very critical stage as guests form an opinion about the standardsand services that the hotel can provide to them. During this phase, guests are greeted by the front desk staff and the registration process begins. The guests are ask ed to verify the details printed in the registration card these details are generated from the information received in the pre-arrival stage.The registration activity is an agreement between the hotel and the guest, whereby the hotel offers the accommodation product and services to the guest, and the guest agrees to pay for the services received. A hotel might pre-register guests (i.e., register guests before their arrival) like VIPs, groups, airline crews, and frequent guests.Once the guests have been registered with the hotel, they are assigned a room at the negotiated room rate. The guest is then shown to their room and their luggage is brought to the room by the bell desk. If any mails or messages have arrived at thehotel before the arrival of the guest, they are given to her.Thus the functions of the front office on the arrival of a guest include-Reception and welcome of the guest-Registration of the guest-Room rate and room assignment to the guest.-Handing over the room key t o the guest.-Luggage handling of the guest by bell desk.-Delivering the mails and messages that the hotel has received on behalf ofthe guest.The front office staff maintains lists of expected arrivals and departures on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis. They keep updating these lists, along with the arrival and departure details, and keep the other departments informed of any changes in the schedule of guests. This is very essential to provide a flawless service to guests and to avoid embarrassing situations like not arranging for the pick-up of a guest, or not having the room ready in time and making the guest wait for it.STAYDuring this stage the guest gets a first-hand experience of the facilities and servicesoffered by the hotel. These services and facilities are the most important part of a guests overall experience at a hotel. An excellent level of services would lead to the satisfaction of the guest, which would make him, come back to the hotel and give positive feedback to other potential customers.The front office is the interface between the guest and the other departments of the hotel, so it must coordinate well

The Contemporary Family as More Democratic and Equal Essay -- Sociolog

The Contemporary Family as More Democratic and Equal In the course of this seek I shall be looking at the role of the family. In doing so I shall be examining various studies carried surface, showing what the role of the family should be. This will include views by Willmott and Young, and contrasting ones of such authors as Ann Oakley, a feminist. The family is often looked upon as a social institution, a bond that joins individuals into families. This bond is reinforced by marriage, economic co-operation and informal activity leading to the eventual conception of new life. This is typical of the viewpoint taken by functionalists such as Murdock, who saw that each member of the family had a role to play in order for it to be a success. This was a positive outlook for the family, however feminists such as Oakley believed this was not the case. From the late nineteenth century until the 1950s traditional relationships between a man and his wife coul d best be described as male dominated. This Patriarchy was based just about the view of this era that the father was the undoubted head of the household. Whatever his viewpoints, values and needs were these would always be listened to and met. The views of women on the other hand were very much repressed. Fletcher, pointed out that both women and children were frequently exploited both inside and outside the family and conditions within the home were deplorably inadequate. (The family and marriage of Britain) Women therefore were regarded as inferior to men and their main roles were as housewives looking after the home, mothers looking after the children, and as wives looking af... ... available. This is why this important issue is being recognised more and more. In contemporary society too, lets not forget the fact that family life is moving further away from what was the norm, being the nuclear family consisting of a male and pistillate and t heir children. Nowadays the rise of divorce rates, pregnancy outside marriage and co-habiting are all major issues in contemporary family life. Also the more recent mountain and proliferation of gay and lesbian relationships and marriages cannot be ignored. All these issues show how family life in the twenty-first century has radically changed. BIBLIOGRAPHY PAUL TAYLOR ,SOCIOLOGY IN FOCUS JOHN J MACIONIS AND KEN PLUMMER, SOCIOLOGY, A GLOBAL INTRODUCTION FLETCHER, THE FAMILY AND MARRIAGE OF BRITAIN OAKLEY, HOUSEWIFE, 1974 WWW.SOCIOLOGY.ORG

Essay --

Electronic game is a famous entertainment among human no matter in which ages, the variation design of video games and calculator games had gone through a lot of changes since the first ever invented. The difference between the video and computing device games is not more than but the physical appearance. pic game is built through devices with a console that require a television to be played with. Compare to computer game that required a computer to run the games and with features of online gaming which video game doesnt support. Computer game allow players to interactive to each another(prenominal) when play online while video game only allow interaction between friends and family. Over the years, computer games become popular compare to video games because of the regeneration games supported by computer where video games only support by one system and only applicable on their own game creation. Video game is an electronic gaming that display on a video display or television screen or the latest devices such as PSP and Nintendo. In the early 40s, the world first video games called Cathode-Ray Tube Amusement had been invented by Thomas T. goldsmith Jr. and Estle R. Mann that made a starting aspire to video games. The evolution of video game had been transform from graphic paper till the 2D graphic and better 3D graphic such as Microsoft XBOX, Wii and Sony Play Station. On the other hand, computer game known as PC game had not much different than video game which computer game is design to be use on a computer but not a video display television screen with keyboard as the controller. The first computer game was invented on 1952 called TicTacToe by A.S. Douglas on an EDSAC vacuum-tube computer. Recently in the past few years, this gaming field had be... ...t game presence affirmative impact on students. They conduct the research with a computer based game call Fire Captain that allow student to comprehend the authority as a fire fighter. The result ha d brought out a conclusion where students who played the game beneficially learned problem solving skills, increase vituperative thinking and better understanding as a role of fire fighter. In addition, educational gaming guide students to a better management skills and in the first place age of leadership practice through the game. On the other hand, video and computer games powerfully changed the world trend where children nowadays cannot live without a proficient devices or computers game. This issue had become concerned among parents and societies where games might consists potential harmful materials such as violence, aggressive and over fascinating towards games.